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Mod 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

8 Branches of Genetics

A

Behavioral Genetics, Biochemical Genetics, Cytogenetics, Developmental Genetics, Evolutionary Genetics, Molecular Genetics, Population Genetics, Quantitative Genetics

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2
Q

5 Applications of Genetics

A

Plant, Animal, and Microbial Improvement, Medicine, Legal Counselling, Legal Application, Genetic Engineering

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3
Q

The term Genetics was coined by who in 1905

A

William Bateson

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4
Q

The Greek word ‘gen’ means

A

“to become” or “to grow into something”

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5
Q

Branch of Biology that deals with heredity and variation

A

Genetics

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6
Q

Refers to the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. It provides the basis for similarities.

A

Heredity

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7
Q

Refers to the differences among individuals

A

Variation

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8
Q

Most fascinating field of Biology

A

Genetics

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9
Q

The principal determinants of life processes

A

Genes

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10
Q

A unifying principle in Biology.

A

Genetics

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11
Q

Three inter-related but broad fields of genetics

A

Transmission genetics, molecular genetics, population genetics

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12
Q

Also knows as “Classical Genetics”

A

Transmission genetics

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13
Q

This subdivision of genetics covers the basic principles of genetics (connection between heredity and chromosomes, location and arrangement of gene in a chromosome, gene maping)

A

Transmission genetics

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14
Q

The focus of this field is on the individual organism from acquisition of traits, genetic make-up, and how it passes on its genes to the next generation

A

Transmission Genetics

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15
Q

This field delves into the chemical nature of the gene

A

Molecular Genetics

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16
Q

Molecular genetics revolve around the central cellular processes namely:

A

Replication, transcription, translation

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17
Q

This field is concerned with studies that describe genetic changes over time and how genetic composition and population dynamics implicate evolution

A

Population genetics

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18
Q

It (the field) focuses on genetic makeup of individuals of the SAME SPECIES

A

Population genetics

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19
Q

Studies chromosomes, the visible carriers of DNA

A

Cytogenetics

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20
Q

Studies how heredity and environmental influences affect behavior

A

Behavioral Genetics

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21
Q

Studies how genetic variation leads to speciation and adaptation

A

Evolutionary Genetics

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22
Q

Studies the changes in genes and allele frequencies in populations over space and time

A

Population Genetics

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23
Q

Studies how genes control the growth and development of an organism

A

Developmental Genetics

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24
Q

Studies the relationship of genes and their control over functions of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway

A

Biochemical Genetics

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25
Q

Studies the role of genetics and the environment on inheritance of quantitative traits

A

Quantitative Genetics

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26
Q

Studies structure and function of genes at a molecular level

A

Molecular Genetics

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27
Q

The Father of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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28
Q

Discovered hereditary “factors” which we now refer to as GENES

A

Gregor Mendel

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29
Q

Observed and predicted transmission of traits across generations

A

Gregor Mendel

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30
Q

Conclusion of Gregor Mendel

A

(1) gene is passed from parents to successive generations in a predictable fashion
(2) gene codes for information that would determine structure, function, and other biological properties

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31
Q

Prior to Mendel’s time, heredity was thought to be

A

a “blending” process

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32
Q

What hypothesis cannot account for cases when children resembled only one of the parents

A

Blending

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33
Q

Theory that says all organisms originated from miniature forms of themselves

A

Preformation theory

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34
Q

the pre-formed small human body that can be found in either ovum or sperm

A

homunculus

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35
Q

Greek philosopher that rejected the notion that offspring is pre-formed in either the “seed (or homunculus)” of ovum and sperm.

A

Aristotle

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36
Q

For types of causes for existence

A

Material, Final, Formal, Efficient causes

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37
Q

He proposed that semen was formed everywhere. He referred to a female’s menstrual blood as female semen

A

Aristotle

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38
Q

According to Aristotle, the male parent provided the

A

nature of individual

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39
Q

According to Aristotle, the female parent provided the

A

supportive environment

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40
Q

Formal cause begins the

A

Developmental process

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41
Q

According to Aristotle, what is the conveyor of inheritance

A

Blood or semen

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42
Q

Proponent of Theory of Pangenesis

A

Charles Darwin

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43
Q

Pan from Pangenesis means?

A

whole

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44
Q

Genesis from Pangenesis means

A

origin

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45
Q

He discussed his mechanism of heredity through

A

gemmules

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46
Q

unit of inheritance according to Darwin

A

gemmules

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47
Q

gemmules is a diminutive word of

A

gemma

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48
Q

gemma means

A

bud

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49
Q

minute particles that are shed by cells of an organism

A

gemmules

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50
Q

What completed theory of evolution

A

Pangenesis

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51
Q

Theory of Evolution has been widely accepted while Theory of Genesis is largely thought as

A

wrong

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52
Q

Basis of Pangenesis

A

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

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53
Q

Proposed to be the fundamental mechanism of evolution

A

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

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54
Q

It states that as an organism adapt to its environment, modifications to the organisms will arise. Such modifications are automatically handed down to descendants.

A

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

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55
Q

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

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56
Q

Proponent of Germplasm Theory

A

August Weismann

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57
Q

Sex cells (or germplasm) perpetuated during reproduction generation after generation

A

Germplasm Theory

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58
Q

Second most notable evolutionary theorist after darwin

A

August Weismann

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59
Q

Theory that illustrated how gametes (germ cells - sperm cells or sperm cells) but not somatic cells function as agents of heredity

A

Germplasm Theory

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60
Q

During what does idantss of germplasm in the zygote doubles

A

amphimixis

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61
Q

basis or foundation of Classical or Transmission Genetics

A

Blending

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62
Q

Other scientists who studied Biological inheritance

A

Naudin, Gartner, Kolreuter, Dzierzon

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63
Q

One scientist who also took into account numerical rations in their methodologies

A

Dzierzon

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64
Q

Rediscoverers of Mendel

A

Hugo de Vries (Netherlands)
Erick von Tschermak (Austria)
Carl Correns (Germany)

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65
Q

Showed Mendel’s Principles also apply to animals, not just plants

A

William Bateson
Edith Rebecca Saunders
Lucien Cuenot

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66
Q

Associated Mendelian factors to physical structures we call ‘chromosomes’

A

Walter S. Sutton (USA)
Theodor Boveri (Germany)

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67
Q

Confirmed association of genes and chromosomes and demonstrated that MANY GENES ARE HOUSED IN EACH OF THE CHROMOSOMES

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan
Calvin B. Bridges

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68
Q

what played roles in the structure, function, and evolution of all organisms

A

genes

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69
Q

Who identified that DNA is the genetic material

A

Oswald T. Avery
Collin M. Macleod
Maclyn McCarty

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70
Q

Who identified that DNA is the genetic material

A

Oswald T. Avery
Collin M. Macleod
Maclyn MacCarty

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71
Q

Responsible for the elucidation of the molecular structure of the DNA (DNA Double Helix)

A

James D. Watson
Francis H.C. Crick

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72
Q

X-ray diffraction and crystallography of DNA

A

Maurice Wilkins
Rosalind Franklin

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73
Q

Gave better understanding of how genes are transmitted across generations and how they are expressed in individuals or in a population

A

Crystallography of DNA

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74
Q

Rapid progress in MOLECULAR GENETICS gave rise to disciplines such as

A

Molecular Biology
Synthetic Biology

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75
Q

Requires knowledge of Mathematics, Statistics, Biochemistry, and Ecology, among others TO ESTABLISH ORDERLY VARIETY OF PATTERNS of patterns and changes in living forms over time

A

Evolutionary genetics

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76
Q

Need staining technologies, applied physics, advanced microscopy, and imaging techniques to be able to address problems concerning INDIVIDUAL ABNORMALITIES

A

Cytogenetics

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77
Q

Employ knowledge of Ecology, Math, or Statistics

A

Population Genetics

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78
Q

Asses population dynamics and the changes in gene and allele frequencies

A

Quantitative Genetics

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79
Q

Utilize learnings from physiology, morpho-anatomy, and biochemistry to explain how individuals of THE SAME OR DIFF SPECIES WOULD DEVELOP and HOW THEY MAINTAIN THEIR OWN UNIQUE PATTERN AND ABILITY O EXIST CONTINUALLY

A

Developmental Genetics

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80
Q

Knowledge of inheritance of both desirable and undesirable characterstics in family

A

Genetic counselling

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81
Q

DNA profiles or fingerprints

A

Legal application

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82
Q

Greater opportunities to realize genetic gain, stable increases, and better production

A

Recombinant DNA Technology

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83
Q

Improving crops, domestic animals, and microorganisms

A

Selective Hybridization and breeding

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84
Q

Basic unit of life

A

Cell

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85
Q

genetic material in nuclear zone is also referred to as

A

nucleoid

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86
Q

genetic material in nuclear zone not enclosed in distinct bound nucleus and freely suspended in cytoplasm

A

Prokaryotic cell

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87
Q

Contain intracellular membranes, a true nucleus, and intracellular compartments

A

Eukaryotic cells

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88
Q

intracellular components are also known as

A

organelles

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89
Q

Genetiic material is in the form of

A

Chromatin

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90
Q

Compact form of chromatin

A

chromosome

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91
Q

housed within the nucleus, separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrain

A

chromosome

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92
Q

conspicuous domain in nucleus which serve as a site for producing and assembling the cell’s ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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93
Q

Sample of Prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria
Cyanobacteria

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94
Q

Sample of Eukaryotic cell

A

Protist
Fungi
Plants
Animals

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95
Q

Size of prokaryotic cell

A

1-10 um

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96
Q

Size of eukaryotic cell

A

10-100 um

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97
Q

Cell division of Prokaryotic cell

A

Binary fission

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98
Q

Cell division of Eukaryotic cell

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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99
Q

a double-membrane structure that is the primary director of cellular activity and inheritance

A

nucleus

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100
Q

dark network of nuclear content

A

chromatin

101
Q

chromatin is stored in

A

nucleus

102
Q

during cell division, chromatin become distinct bodies called

A

chromosomes

103
Q

series of events where cell grows and divides

A

cell cycle

104
Q

preparatory and non-dividing stage of cell cycle that precedes cell division

A

Interphase

105
Q

cell division is also known as

A

M-Phase (Mitosis/Meiosis)

106
Q

What stage is consisted of morphologically identical but biochemically distinguishable phases

A

Interphase

107
Q

re the biochemically distinguishable phases

A

G1
S
G2

108
Q

Longest phase in cell cycle. During this, cell imbibes water and nutrients and builds new protoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles

A

G1 phase

109
Q

Synthesis stage considered of prime importance because it is during this period when DNA is replicated

A

S phase

110
Q

Period when cell synthesizes RNA and proteins

A

G2

111
Q

What happens at the end of G2

A

Cell is ready to divide
Genetic Material is duplicated
Double chromatin fiber is folded to become chromosome

112
Q

Contents of octameric histone core

A

2 each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histones

113
Q

DNA wrapped around octameric histone core form a blank that spans a diameter of 11 nm

A

nucleosome

114
Q

What stabilize the linking of DNA to the core which forms Chromatosome

A

H1 Histone

115
Q

Nucleosomes are coiled in the form of a

A

solenoid

116
Q

any nucleosomes per coil

A

6

117
Q

What is the diameter of chromatin thread formed by solenoidf

A

30 nm

118
Q

each chromosome is composed of how many sister chromatids

A

2 sister chromatids

119
Q

Kinetochore proteins attach to Blank which is also known as the primary constriction

A

Centromere

120
Q

What attaches to kinetochore proteins

A

Spindle fiber

121
Q

The tips or ends of chromosomes are referred to as

A

Telomeres

122
Q

Secondary constriction which looks like a knob structure at terminal portion

A

Saellite

123
Q

complete set of genes or chromosomes coming from male or female parent is called

A

Genome, denoted by X (basic chromosome number)

124
Q

True diploid (X) is equal to

A

haploid number (n)

125
Q

diploid number is also referred to as

A

Somatic chromosome number (2n)

126
Q

Haploid number is also called as the

A

gametic chromosome number (n)

127
Q

What consist the 24 hour cell cycle of humans

A

8 hours G1 Phase
11 hours S-phase
4 hours G2-phase
1 hour M-phase

128
Q

Mitosis for unicellular organisms is to

A

to reproduce

129
Q

Mitosis for multicellular organism is for

A

for growth and development
for replacement of damaged cells

130
Q

The first to note and describe in detail how chromosomes move during mitosis, which helped Sutton and Boveri’s Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

A

Walter Flemming

131
Q

Stage where chromosomes condense and are visible composed of sister chromatids

A

Prophase

132
Q

Spindle fibers attached to kinetochore align the chromosomes at the equitorial plate

A

Metaphase

133
Q

Sister chromatids are pulled apart and moved to the opposite poles by “shortening” (depolymerization) of spindle fibers. Each sister chromatid = 1 chromosome

A

Anaphase

134
Q

Chromosomes reached the opposite poles and form two groups having the same number of chromosomes.

A

Telophase

135
Q

ision of cytoplasm that is achieved after telophase

A

Cytokenesis

136
Q

Plant cells forms what at metaphase plate

A

phragmoplasts (cell plate formation)

137
Q

Animal cells forms what at metaphase plate

A

cell cleavage (cleavage furrow formation)

138
Q

It involves union of two haploid cells

A

fertilization

139
Q

special kind of cell division undergone by germ cells

A

Meiosis

140
Q

Process of meiosis was discovered and described independently by

A

Walter Sutton - grasshopper testes
Theodor Boveri - Worms (Ascarsis Sp.)

141
Q

Referred to as the reductional division

A

Meiosis I

142
Q

Process of meiosis was discovered and described independently by

A

Walter Sutton - grasshopper testes
Theodor Boveri - Worms (Ascarsis Sp.)

143
Q

A transitional stage between Meiosis I and II

A

interkinesis

144
Q

Equational division are

A

Mitosis and Meiosis II

145
Q

5 substages of Prophase I

A

LZPDD
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis

146
Q

This stage is similar to earliest prophase wherein chromosomes appear as thin threads

A

Leptotene

147
Q

Homologous chromosomes pair (aka synapsis) and associate bivalents.
Considered as the adjoining phase
Stage where Synaptonemal complex forms between homologous chromosomes

A

Zygotene

148
Q

Protein structure that is essential for crossing-over

A

Synaptonemal complex

149
Q

Stage where chromatids undergo repair when damaged. This may involve crossing-over facilitated by synaptonemal complex
Formation of chiasma

A

Pachytene

150
Q

Point of chromatid exchange at cross-over forms what

A

Chiasma

151
Q

Stage where synaptonemal complex loses functionality and bivalents get separated.
Chromosomes shorten and terminalization of chiasma occurs

A

Diplotene

152
Q

Stage where chromosomes are contracted, nucleolus disintegrated, and formation of spindle begins.
Best stage to establish chromosome number

A

Diakinesis

153
Q

Bivalents arrange at metaphase plate

A

Metaphase I

154
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate from each other and move toward opposite poles. Each chromosome is composed of haploid number, ACCOUNTING FOR THE REDUCTIONAL PHASE of Meiosis I

A

Anapahase I

155
Q

Chromosomes regroup at the poles. Chromosomes begin to relax. Cytoplasm may divide (cytokinesis) to produce two distinct haploid cells

A

Telophase I

156
Q

Chromosomes of TWO haploid cells appear duplicated. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintigrate at this stage

A

Prophase II

157
Q

wo new spindle fibers are formed. Chromosoimes align at the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase II

158
Q

Chromatids separate from each other

A

Anaphase II

159
Q

Chromosomes regroup at their arrival pole. It uncoils and lengthen. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reapper. Cytoplasm gets divided (cytokinesis) to produce a total of four distinct haploid cells

A

Telophase II

160
Q

Variations is due mainly to

A

Differences in time spent for each generation
Type of phase species is predominantly in
Products (gametes or spores)

161
Q

Also known as Terminal or Gametic Meiosis showed by animals and lower plants

A

Gametic life cycle

162
Q

Produced during fertilization of haploid gametes

A

diploid zygote

163
Q

Gives rise to primary spermatocytes

A

spermatogonium

164
Q

ves rise to primary oocytes

A

oogonium

165
Q

Ovum/Sperm carries a haploid set of chromosome ___

A

(22+X)

166
Q

Known as the Initial or Zygotic Meiosis exhibited by algae, fungi, and diatoms

A

Zygotic Life Cycle

167
Q

Gametic life cycle is type described as

A

diploid-dominant life cycle

168
Q

Intermediary or sporic meisos typically shown by flowering plants and those species with alternation of generation is known as

A

Sporic Life Cycle

169
Q

Haploid multicellular plants are called

A

gametophytes (producing gametes and meiosis is not typically involved

170
Q

Fertilization of gametes from the diploid zygote that will undergo rounds of mitosis and produce a MULTICELLULAR DIPLOID PLANT is called

A

sporophyte

171
Q

Scientific name of green peas

A

Pisum sativum

172
Q

Inherited factor on chromosome responsible for a trait

A

gene

173
Q

location of gene on a chromosome

A

locus

174
Q

genetic constitution of an individual

A

genotype

175
Q

alternative forms of a gene

A

allele

176
Q

physical, physiological, biochemical, and behavioral traits of an individual

A

phenotype

177
Q

determined by genotype and its interaction with the environment

A

phenotype

178
Q

gene expressing full effect despite the presence of another allele of the same gene

A

dominant

179
Q

gene not expressed in presence of another allele

A

recessive

180
Q

two copies of the same allele of a gene (e.g. YY, yy)

A

homozygous

181
Q

two different alleles of the same gene (e.g. Yy)

A

heterozygous

182
Q

cross between two individuals with contrasting traits

A

hybridization

183
Q

first generation produced after mating between parents that are homozygous for different alleles

A

F1 or first filial generation

184
Q

The generation produced by self fertilization or sib-mating of F1 individuals

A

F2 generation or second filial generation

185
Q

crossing of a heterozygote with one of its parents

A

Backcrossing

186
Q

(pre-mendelian) thought of a blending process

A

Heredity

187
Q

Samples that Mendel used with contrasting traits

A

Pure line or true breeding parents

188
Q

one dominant allele is enough to express the dominant trait

(Homozygous or heterozygote have the same phenotype)

A

Complete Dominance

189
Q

Alleles in gene pair separate cleanly from each other during meiosis

A

Law of Segregation

190
Q

Genotypic ratio of AA x Aa

A

2 AA : 2 AA or 1 AA : 1 Aa

191
Q

Genotypic ratio of Aa x aa

A

2 Aa : 2 aa or 1 Aa : 1aa

192
Q

consider two traits at the same time

A

Dihybrid cross

193
Q

If parentals are RRYY x rryy, what are the Gametes and F1?

A

Gametes: RR x Ry
F1: RrYy

194
Q

F2 Ratio of RRYY x rryy
or F1 RrYy

A

9:3:3:1

195
Q

Alleles of DIFFERENT GENE PAIRS
SEPARATE INDEPENDENTLY from each other and RANDOMLY COMBINE during meiosis

A

Law of Independent Assortment

196
Q

If two pairs of contrasting traits are inherited independently, to predict the frequencies of F2 phenotypes, apply the

A

Proudct Law of Probabilities

197
Q

For simultaneous occurence of two independtent events what is equal to the product of their individual probabilities

A

combined probability of two outcomes

198
Q

If two events are not independent, the likelihood of an outcome is referred to as

A

Conditional Probability

199
Q

He isolated nuclein from nuclei of pus cells

A

Friedrich Miescher

200
Q

nucleus required in cell division and fertilization

A

O. Hertwig

201
Q

Chromosomes are in the nucleus

A

E. Strassburger
Walter Fleming

202
Q

Correlations between Chromosomes and Mendelian Factors

A

Chromosome and Mendelian Factors exist in pairs
Homologous chromosomes and mendelian factors separate at Anaphase I
Fertilization restores the diploid chromosome Number

203
Q

F2 phenotypic and genotypic ratio of Complete Dominance

A

F2 genotypic ratio: 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
F2 phenotypic ratio: 3:1

204
Q

F1 phenotype is intermediate

A

Incomplete dominance

205
Q

Phenotypic and Genotypic ratio of F2 Incomplete dominance

A

F2 Genotypic ratio: 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
F2 Phenotypic ratio : 1 : 2 : 1

206
Q

Aa is superior to AA and aa (heterosis or hybrid vigor)

A

Overdominance

207
Q

products of two alleles in heterozygote are present

A

Co-dominance

208
Q

What is present on the surface of RBC

A

Glycolipid (oligosaccharide + lipid)

209
Q

Reason behind ABO blood types

A

difference in oligosaccharide

210
Q

Genotype of A blood type

A

AA
AO

211
Q

Genotype of B blood type

A

BB
BO

212
Q

Antigen of O blood type

A

H

213
Q

H antigen is

A

Fucose (5th)

214
Q

A antigen is

A

N-acetyl glucosamine (6th)

215
Q

B-antigen is

A

galactosamine (6th)

216
Q

Universal Blood Donator

A

O

217
Q

Universal Blood Receiver

A

AB

218
Q

genes that can cause death

A

lethal genes

219
Q

lethal when homozygous recessive
could result to a recognizable phenotype when heterozygous

A

Recessive lethal gene
1:2:1 genotype
1:2:0 phenotype

220
Q

Abnormal spine development
Extreme development abnormality
Causes the death of the embryo
Tailless
Heterozygous

A

Manx allele (Mn^l)

221
Q

Homozygous recessive; normal at birth
Deterioration of CNS starts before 1 yr old
Loss of neuromuscular control; blindness
Lack of hexosaminidase A
Accumulation of GM2 gangliosides (lipids in brain and nerve cells)
usually fatal at three to four years old

A

Tay-Sachs disease

222
Q

Lacks DNA repair enzyme
Photosensitive
Exposure to light causes freckling and pigmentation and warty growths

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum

223
Q

letal when homozygous dominant or heterozygous

A

Dominant Lethal Gene

224
Q

The dominant allele codes for an abnormal HUNTINGTIN protein
Described by George Huntington
Progressive degeneration of CNS; involuntary movements
onset of symptoms at 30 y.o. or earlier death at 40-50 y.o.

A

Huntington’s disease

225
Q

gene changes phenotypic effect of other genes in a QUANTITATIVE fashion
Dilution or enhancement effect

A

Modifier genes

226
Q

Non allelic interaction of two or more genes
result in a modified phenotypic ratio
interaction between two or more genes determine single phenotype

A

Gene Interaction

227
Q

interaction of two or more genes
determined by observing certain phenotypic ratios

A

Epistasis

228
Q

F2 ratio: 9:3:3:1
E.g. comb type in poultry

A

Novel phenotype

229
Q

F2 Ratio: 9:3:4
Homozygous recessive gene hides the effect of the other gene

A

Recessive Epistasis

230
Q

F2 Ratio: 12:3:1
Dominant gene masks the expression of the other gene

A

Dominant Epistasis

231
Q

One gene when dominant is epistatic to the second
Second gene homozygous recessive is epistatic to the first
F2 ratio: 13:3

A

Dominant epistasis

232
Q

Either gene when homozygous recessive is epistatic to the other gene
F2: 9:7

A

Complementary gene action

233
Q

Either gene when dominant is epistatic to the other gene
F2: 15:1

A

Duplicate gene action

234
Q

Lewis 1951
Star-asteroid in Drosophila
Star and star recessive (ast)
two different mutants located on same chromosomes

A

Pseudoalleles

235
Q

Phenotype is not only dependent on genotype but also on the position of the genes on the chromosome

A

Lewis effect or Position effect

236
Q

Proportion of genotype that shows the expected phenotype

A

Penetrance

237
Q

all will show the trait (100%)

A

complete penetrance

238
Q

not all will show the trait

A

incomplete penetrance

239
Q

degree in which a particular phgenotypic effect is exhibited by an individual

A

Expressivity (Constant or Variable)

240
Q

one gene has multiple phenotypic cell effects (e.g sickle cell anemia)

A

Pleiotropy

241
Q

Genetically based human disease

A

Sickle cell anemia

242
Q

environmental mimic of gene action
Environmental induces a particular phenotype that resembles a genetically determined phenotype

A

Phenocopy

243
Q

drug to cure morning sickness

A

Thalidomide

244
Q

Underdeveloped limbs

A

Phocomelia

245
Q

Environmental factors responsible for differences in penetrance & expressivity

A
  1. External Environmental
    a. Temperature
    B. Light
    C. Nutrition
    D. Maternal relations
  2. Internal environment
    a. age
    b. sex
    c. substrates
246
Q

both members or twins show or dont show the trait

A

concordant

247
Q

only one member shows the trait

A

disconcordant

248
Q

High heriditary influence results in

A

High concordance in identical twins
Low concordance in fraternal twins

249
Q

Low hereditary influence & high environmental influence

A

Equal concordance and disconcordance between IT and FT

Biology 30 (2 decks)

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