Mod 7.1 - Nonmenclature Flashcards
What is an alkane?
These are hydrocarbons which have only single bonds
What is the general equation for alkanes?
C(n) H (2n+2)
How to name alkanes with chain branching?
- Find the longest chain - this is called the parent chain
- Determine Carbon 1, this is a carbon atom at one end of the parent chain that has a side group, or halogen closest to it that would be named first aplhabetically
- The parent chain must have the lowest numbers used in naming its side groups overall
- If there are two or more different side chains or halogens, they are listed in alphabetical order, ignoring the prefixes
- If there are two or more of the same side-chains, their poosition numbers are listed multiplke times and the prefix (di-, tri-, tetra, penta- etc are applied) and separated by commas
- The parent name is named last. Do not write a dash before it
I.e. 1,1,2,3,4-pentamethylpentane
How do you name cycloalkanes with chain branching?
- Count the number of carbons in the ring
- Determine Carbon 1, this is a carbon atom at one end of the parent chain that has a side group, or halogen closest to it that would be named first alphabetically
- The parent ring must have the lowest numbers used in naming its side groups overall
- If there are two or more different side chains or halogens, they are listed in alphabetical order
- If there are two or more of the same side chains, their position numbers are listed multiple times and the prefix (di-, tri- etc are applied) and separated by commas
- The parent name is named last. Do not write a dash before it. Do not forget to write the prefix ‘cyclo’ such as ‘cyclohexane’
What are alkenes?
They are a family of hydrocarbons that has a double bond between two carbon atoms
What is the general formula for alkenes?
C(n) H(2n)
How do you name alkenes?
- Find the longest chain
- Determine Carbon 1
- The numbers of the side groups will not matter as the priority is having the double bond as having the lowest numbers
- If there are two or mmore different side chains, they are listed in alphabetical order
- If there are two or more of the same side chains their position numbers are listed multiple times and the prefix (di, tri, tetra etc are applied)
Note: if the alkene is in a ring, then the prefix cycli is applied before the base name. For cycloalkenes, Carbon 1 is always at the start of the double bond
I.e. 2,4,4-trimethylhex-2-ene
What is an alkyne?
Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain a triple bond between two carbon atoms
What is the general formula for an alkyne?
C(n) H(2n-2)
How do you name alkynes?
- Number the longest chain from the end that gives the alkyne functional group the lowest locant number possible.
- The preferred IUPAC method (2005) of naming the alkyne is to place the locant number of the first carbon of the triple bond in front of the -yne suffix (e.g. pent-2-yne).
3.3. Substituent groups are named and their position is indicated by a locant determined by the numbering system in Step 1 as the triple bond always has priority in numbering.
What are halogenated organic compounds?
These are organic compounds that contain halogens subtituting the hydrogen atoms
What are the naming rules for halogenated organic compounds?
The naming rules are as per the previous hydrocarbons with additional steps:
Note: Bromo, chloro, fluoro, and iodo as prefixes
- Select the longest unbranched hydrocarbon chain. Count the number of C in this chain. The number will decide the stem name of the alkane
- Number the chain from the end that produces the lowest set of numbered positions for all the functional groups
- If more than one type of halogen is present, list in alphabetical order
Note; if the previous rules lead to more than one possible name, then the correct name is the one in which the lowest locant is assigned to the functional group cited first as a prefix
What are carboxylic acids?
These are a class of organic compounds with the general formula R-COOH
They have the carboxyl functional group (-COOH)
We use -oic acid for the suffics for carboxylic acids
It is a terminal functional group, and forms a double bond with O and a single bond with OH before bonding with the rest of a parent chain
What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?
C(n) H(2n+1) COOH
How do you name carboxylic acid groups?
Count how many C’s there are and then put the prefix in front for it.
I.e. ethanoic acid will have two C’s; One c which bonded with 2 O’s and the other one being a ‘CH3’
What are alcohols?
They are a class of organic compounds with the general formula R-OH. Alkanols are alcohols containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
They contain the hydroxyl functional group (-OH)
What is the general formula for alcohols?
C(n) H(2n+1) OH
What are primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols?
Primary alcohols have the C-OH group attached to another C atom
Secondary alcohols have the C-OH group attached to two other C atoms
Tertiary alcohols have the C-OH group attached to three other C atoms
How do you name alcohols?
List any side chains first
then mention the suffix and then the locant for the OH followed by the ol. For example:
REMEMBER THAT AFTER THE SUFFIX YOU HAVE TO MENTION ‘AN’ before the locant
3,3-dimethylbutAN-2-ol