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chemistry yr 12 > mod 7 > Flashcards

mod 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

examples of:
- molecular formula
- condensed structural formula
- full structural formula

A

e.g C2H4, C6H14
____
____

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2
Q

what are organic compounds

A

molecules which contain carbon atoms and are found in all living organisms

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3
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

hydrocarbons are organic molecules that consist of solely Carbon and Hydrogen atoms

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4
Q

SUFFIXES -
alkane
alkene
alkyne

A

single bond –> ane
double bond –> ene
triple bond –> yne

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5
Q

PREFIXES (no. of carbons in longest chain) -
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

A

meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
non
dec

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6
Q

position of double or triple bonds

A
  • position is denoted by a number in between the prefix and the suffix
  • count the carbons so the double or triple bond has the lowest locant
  • has highest priority
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7
Q

side branch chains

A
  • ethyl (CH3CH2)
  • methyl (CH3)
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8
Q

position of side branch chains

A
  • position number followed by the side chain name before the prefix (e.g 2,3-dimethylbutane)
  • put prefixes (di, tri, tetra, etc.) before side chain names if more than one
  • count side chains to have the lowest locant
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9
Q

key point in naming hydrocarbons

A
  1. determine longest carbon chain and type of hydrocarbon (i.e ane, ene or yne)
  2. choose a side to count from by assigning lowest locants
  3. if >1 side chain order them in alphabetical order and add prefix’s
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10
Q

what is a functional group

A

a distinctive chemical structure that is responsible for the chemical properties of a compound (types of bonds are their own functional group)

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11
Q

general formula for
- alkanes
- alkenes
- alkynes

A
  • C(n)H(2n+2)
  • C(n)H(2n)
  • C(n)H(2n-2)
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12
Q

types of structural isomers

A
  • chain isomers (formed by rearranging the carbon backbone into different chains)
  • position isomers (formed by changing the position of functional groups to the carbon backbone)
  • functional group isomers (formed with different functional groups)
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13
Q

what is a homologonous series

A

group of molecules in organic chemistry with similar structures and properties (e.g alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)

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14
Q

intramolecular bonding of alkanes

A
  • single bonds are more stable than triple or double
  • alkanes are unreactive in comparison
  • single bonds weaker than double or triple (requires less energy to break)
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15
Q

intermolecular bonding of alkanes

A
  • whole molecule is non-polar (only dispersion forces)
  • as carbon chain increases, strength of dispersion forces increase
  • branched chain isomers are weaker (decrease in SA)
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16
Q

addition reaction meaning

A

where a small molecule reacts with an unsaturated compound by breaking 1 or 2 pi bonds and adding across the former position of the pi bond
- symmetrical compound = 1 answer
- asymmetrical compound = 2 answer

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17
Q

hydrogenation of alkene meaning

A

addition reaction where hydrogen gas is added across the double bond to form an alkane.
- catalyst of Pd/C (palladium or granulated carbon)
ALKENE + H2 –> ALKANE

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18
Q

hydrogenation of alkyne meaning

A

addition reaction where hydrogen gas is added across the triple bond to form an alkene or alkane
- to produce alkane: catalyst of Pd/C
- to produce alkene: Lindlar catalyst or Pd poisoned with Pb
ALKYNE + H2 –> ALKANE
ALKYNE + H2 –> ALKENE

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19
Q

halogenation of alkene or alkyne meaning

A

an addition reaction where a halogen gas (e.g Cl2, Br2) is added across a pi bond to produce a halogenated organic compound
- no catalyst
- based on halogen it’s called bromination/chorination, etc.
ALKENE + HALOGEN2 –> ALKANE
ALKYNE + HALOGEN2 –> ALKENE
ALKYNE + 2HALOGEN2 –> ALKANE

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20
Q

hydrohalogenation of alkene or alkyne meaning

A

an addition reaction where a hydrogen halide (e.g HCl, HBr) is added across a pi bond to produce a halogenated organic compound
- no catalyst
- based on halogen it’s called hydrochlorination, etc.

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21
Q

naming halogenation compounds

A
  • treat halogen as a side chain with the same prefixes, in alphabetical order and lowest locant
  • F = Fluoro
  • Cl = chloro
  • Br = bromo
  • I = iodo
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22
Q

what is hydration of alkene

A

is an addition reaction where water is added across the double bond to form an alcohol
- catalyst: diluted H2SO4 and 160C
- H2O spits into H and OH then adds
ALKENE + H2O –> ALCOHOL

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23
Q

what is an alcohol and how to name them

A

organic compounds with a hydroxyl group (OH= hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole bonding)
- add suffix ‘al’ ot the end
- lowest locas of OH group

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24
Q

what is hydration of alkyne

A

is an addition reaction where water is added across the triple bond to form a ketone (rarely aldehyde)
ALKYNE + H2O –> KETONE/ALDEHYDE
- catalyst: H2SO4/HgSO3 and 160C
- there is an intermediate alkene/ol

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25
Q

what is an aldehyde and how to name it

A

has a carbonyl (C=O) group on a terminal carbon on the carbon chain
- add suffix ‘al’ at the end
- no locant needed

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26
Q

what is an ketone and how to name it

A

has a carbonyl (C=O) group anywhere but the terminal carbons on the carbon chain
- add suffix ‘one’ at the end
- lowest locant of C=O group

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27
Q

substitution reaction with alkanes

A

replacement of a hydrogen bonded to a carbon with an alternative side group, often a halogen
ALKANE + HALOGEN2 –> HALOALKENE + HYDROGEN HALIDE
- catalyst: UV light
- halogen spilts (one goes into carbon atom and the the other forms a hydrogen halide)

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28
Q

markovnikov’s rule for addition reactions

A

the hydrogen atom will bond to the carbon atom with a greater number of hydrogen atoms already attached to it
- in asymmetrical reagents this forms a minor and major product

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29
Q

classifying alcohols

A
  • primary (1 carbon chain attached)
  • secondary (2 carbon chains attached)
  • tertiary (3 carbon chains attached)
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30
Q

combustion of alcohols

A

combustion of alcohols in oxygen produces CO2 and H2O in a highly exothermic reaction
ALCOHOL + O2 –> CO2 + H2O
- incomplete (CO or C) and complete combustion
- coeff of fuel/alcohol must be 1

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31
Q

dehydration of alcohols

A

dehydration of alcohols produces the corresponding alkene and H2O
ALCOHOL –> ALKENE + H2O
- catalyst: conc. H2SO4/H2PO4 and heat
- the H and OH must be removed from adjacent carbons and a pi bond added

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32
Q

alcohol substitution with hydrogen halides

A

alcohols are substituted with hydrogen halides to produce corresponding halogenated haloalkane and water
ALCOHOL + HX –> HALOALKANE + H2O
- catalyst: aqueous ZnX (Zn halogen)
- OH is substituted with halogen from hydrogen halide

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33
Q

order of alcohol reactivity

A
  1. tertiary
  2. secondary
  3. primary
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34
Q

order of acid reactivity

A
  1. HI
  2. HBr
  3. HCl
  4. HF
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35
Q

oxidation of alcohols

A

PRIMARY ALCOHOL –> ALDEHYDE –> CARBOXYLIC ACID
SECONDARY ALCOHOL –> KETONE
- catalyst: K2Cr2O7, dilute H2SO4 (strong oxidising agent) and heat
- take away OH’s H and add double bond to O

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36
Q

what is a carboxylic acid and how to name it

A

characterised by carboxyl group (COOH)
- drop the ‘e’ and add ‘oic acid’

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37
Q

substitution of halogenated organic compounds (haloalkane)

A

halogenated organic compound may undergo substitution with a metal hydroxide to produce an alcohol and salt
HALOALKANE + DILUTE NaOH –> ALCOHOL + SALT
- catalyst: acetone solvent and heat

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38
Q

substitution of halogenated organic compounds (tertiary haloalkane)

A

halogenated organic compound may undergo substitution with water to produce an tertiary alcohol and hydrogen halide
TERTIARY HALOALKANE + H2O –> TERTIARY ALCOHOL + HX

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39
Q

BP trends in alcohol

A
  • as carbon chain increases so intermolecular forces increase so BP increases
  • as carbon chain increases BP difference btw alkanes and alcohols decreases (dispersion forces dominate in alcohols)
  • alcohols BP»»alkanes BP (always)
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40
Q

order of alcohols BPs

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. tertiary
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41
Q

dissolving alcohols in water process

A

2 sections:
1. alkyl (non polar and only interacts using dispersion forces)
2. hydroxyl (polar and only interacts using H-bonding and dipole-diple)

42
Q

solubility of alcohols in water

A

alcohol solubility is proportional to (solute-solvent) - (solute-solute) - (solvent-solvent)
- memorise table

43
Q

solubility trends of alcohol

A
  • carbon chain increases = stronger dispersion forces = decrease solubility
  • order of solubility (accessibility of OH group) = tertiary>secondary>primary
44
Q

natural sources of hydrocarbons

A

fossil fuels (non-renewable resources) are produced by natural processes on the fossilised remains of dead organisms over millions of years
- DRILLING: drags water to the surface to extract it’s dissolved minerals
- FRACKING: water and other substances are blasted into a natural gas reserve to fracture rocks and extract minerals

45
Q

enviro, eco and socio advantages of hydrocarbons extraction

A

ENVIRO = petroleum extraction reduces pressure on underground oil resevioures
ECO = relatively cheap fossil fuels are readily found and are a huge part of Australia’s economy
SOCIO = increases job opportunities

46
Q

enviro, eco and socio disadvantages of hydrocarbons extraction

A

ENVIRO = drilling and fracking damages land; exposes heavy metals and radioactive substances
ECO = relatively high cost to establish
SOCIO = destroys tourist and Indigenous land

47
Q

enviro, eco and socio advantages of hydrocarbons usage

A

ENVIRO = natural gas burns cleaner than wood; saves habitats
ECO = increase employment and SOL
SOCIO = increased int. travel and electricity usage

48
Q

enviro, eco and socio disadvantages of hydrocarbons usage

A

ENVIRO = climate change caused by CO2 production; greenhouse affect; acid rain from NO2 and SO2 gases
ECO = global wealth inequality
SOCIO = degrades tourist attractions, human rights violation

49
Q

what are biofuels

A

an alternate source of fuel that are renewable from plant material (e.g veggie waste, etc.)
- aim to be carbon neutral (no net release of carbon)

50
Q

how are biofuels produced

A

from fermentation of glucose from natural sources (e.g sugar cane) for fuel

51
Q

what is fermentation

A

is the process by which carbohydrates turn from alcohol to yeast and other microorganisms

52
Q

advantages of biofuel

A
  • carbon neutral as CO2 produced = CO2 absorbed by sugar cane plants
  • burns cleanly due to ethanols partially oxidised nature
53
Q

disadvantages of biofuel

A
  • require expensive vehicle engine modifications to use
  • transportation emits CO2
  • lot of fuel needed (ethanol has low enthalpy of combustion)
  • pungent fermentation waste
54
Q

what is biogas

A

a mixture of methane and CO2 which is formed by harnessing the decomposition of organic materials by anaerobic bacteria

55
Q

what is biodiesal

A

biodiesal is a mixture of esters which are produced by reacting vegetable oils or animal fats with base

56
Q

what are amines and how to name them

A

amines are organic compounds containing a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair
- primary amine: locant-alkylprefixan-locant-amine
- secondary amine: N-alkylprefixan-locant-amine
- tertiary amine: N-alkyl, N-alkylprefixan-locant-amine OR N,N-dialkylprefixan-locant-amine

57
Q

amines properties

A
  • has a polar NH2 group
  • as carbon chain increases the basicity increases and solubility decreases
  • in order of basicity tertiary>secondary>primary
  • has hydrogen, dipole dipole and dispersion forces
  • in order of BP tertiary<secondary<primary
58
Q

amine production

A

an alcohol can undergo substitution with NH3 to produce a primary amine
SECONDARY ALCOHOL + AMMONIA –> PRIMARY AMINE + WATER
- NH3 splits into NH2 and H

59
Q

carboxylic acid properties

A
  • have polar carbonyl group (COOH)
  • as carbon chain increases the acidity and solubility decreases
  • in order of acidity tertiary<secondary<primary
  • have hydrogen, dipole dipole and dispersion forces
60
Q

what is an amide and how is it names

A

amides contain a carbonyl attached to a nitrogen atom and they are neutral
- drop ‘e’ and add ‘amide’
- main carbon chain MUST HAVE carbonyl group in it (CONH2)

61
Q

amide production

A

amides are produced by the condensation reaction of carboxylic acid and an amine
CARBOXYLIC ACID + AMMONIA –> PRIMARY AMIDE + WATER
CARBOXYLIC ACID + PRIMARY AMINE –> SECONDARY AMIDE + WATER
CARBOXYLIC ACID + SECONDARY AMINE –> TERTIARY AMIDE + WATER
- catalyst: DCC and reflux conditions and 190C and 4hrs

62
Q

amide properties

A
  • have both NH and C=O groups
  • have hydrogen, dipole dipole and dispersion
  • as MM increases solubility decreases
  • in order of BP primary>secondary>tertiary
63
Q

aldehyde and ketone properties

A
  • both have polar carbonyl groups (C=O)
  • dipole-dipole and dispersion forces
  • increase chain length = decrease in solubility
64
Q

safety hazards

A
  • always consult MSDS (material safety data sheet)
  • organic substances are volatile, flammable, corrosive/caustic
  • should wear PPE, have emergency shower and fume cupboard
  • same disposal into waste bins
  • if spill use solid NaHCO3 (amphiprotic)
65
Q

what are esters and how to name them

A

esters are highly fragrant organic compounds that have a COO functional group bridging 2 alkyl groups
- 2 separate words
- replace ‘ol’ suffix of the alcohol with ‘yl’ as the first word
- replace ‘oic acid’ suffix of the carboxylic acid with ‘oate’ for the second word

66
Q

ester production

A

esters are produced by the equilibrium/condensation reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid called esterification
ALCOHOL + CARBOXYLIC ACID –><– ESTER + WATER
- catalyst: conc. H2SO4 and heat (increases ROR and yield, is a dehydrating agent and shifts equilibruim right)
- alcohols are volatile and heat would loose reactants so reflux is used

67
Q

reflux in ester production

A

a procedure in which the reaction flask is continually heated while vapours emerging from it are guided through a condenser tube which cools the gases and condenses them back into the flask
- prevents loss of reagent
- allows reaction to perform at higher temps (increasing ROR)

68
Q

important apparatus for esterification

A
  • hotplate
  • boiling chips (control the boiling by providing nucleation sites for bubbles to dissipate promote even boiling and prevent bumping
  • condenser tube
69
Q

purification of ester

A
  1. neutralise the excess acid by adding base Na2CO3
  2. add water to dissolve water soluble substances (e.g salts, etc.)
  3. add mixture to separating funnel to separate into a dense organic layer and more dense aqueous layer
  4. the aqueous at the bottom is removed
  5. repeat 3&4 multiple times
  6. use distillation to separate ester from other compounds
70
Q

what are surfactants

A

soaps and detergents are surfactants and they are more effective at cleaning than water alone
- used to clean non-polar substances from surfaces
- soaps are produced from natural sources while detergent is made from artificial products
- surfactants have 2 parts: hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

71
Q

parts of a surfactant

A
  • polar hydrophilic head (water loving, interacts with water, H-bond and dipole dipole and dispersion)
  • non-polar hydrophobic tail (water hating, interacts with oil, dispersion forces)
72
Q

what is a soap

A

a soap is an ion with a long non-polar alkyl tail and a polar charged carboxylate head (usually present in Na and K salts) (from natural oils and fats)

73
Q

what is an anionic detergent

A

is an ion with a ion with a long non-polar alkyl tail and a polar anionic sulfate or benzenesulfonate head (usually present in Na and K salts) (too harsh for personal hygiene)

74
Q

what is a cationic detergent

A

is an ion with a long non-polar alkyl tail and a polar cationic trimethylammonium or quaternary ammonium head (usually present in Cl or Br salts) (biocidal reduces static friction and tangling)

75
Q

what is a non-anionic detergent

A

is a molecule with a long non-polar alkyl tail and a polar repeating uncharged polyethylene glycol head
- ends in an alcohol group

76
Q

in presence of a non-polar substance the action of surfactants on the water

A
  • hydrophilic head in water and hydrophobic tail sticking out in a line
  • dissolve to form spherical micelles (repel each other) with head outside and tail inside
  • if non-polar substances are stuck onto a surface:
    1. surfactant dissolves in water
    2. monolayer formation in grease
    3. agitation separates grease from surface
    4. micellisation and emulsifica
77
Q

what is hard water

A

is impure water which contains >20ppm of Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions
- soaps struggle (carboxylate ion precipitates with the 2 ions to form a solid called scum
- anionic detergents struggle (form soluble complexes with the 2 ions although phosphate builders can precipitate with the ions)
- neutral non-anionic detergents are not affected (don’t react with Ca2+ and Mg2+)

78
Q

what are polymers

A

are molecules which are composed of many identical, repeating subunits known of monomers
- can be formed through addition polymerisation or condensation polymerisation
- total addition of all monomers is the total mass of the polymer

79
Q

what is polyethylene (polyethene)

A

ethene (ethylene) is important feedback to produce addition polymers
- ethene are monomers
- 2 types of polyethylene (LDPE, HDPE)

80
Q

low density polyethylene (LDPE)

A

is characterised by extensive chain branching and low density formed at high temperature and pressure
- chemically unreactive (saturated hydrocarbon)
- soft and flexible (not tightly packed)
- transparent (low degree of light scattering)
- low melting point (weak dispersion forces)
- used for plastic shopping bags

81
Q

high density polyethylene (HDPE)

A

is characterised by minimal chain branching and long linear polymer molecules and formed at low temperature and pressure and with Zieglar-Natta catalyst.
- chemically unreactive (saturated hydrocarbon)
- highly rigid (tight packing, strong dispersion forces)
- opaque (high light scattering)
- high BP/MP
- used for chairs

82
Q

what is a polyvinyl chloride

A

polyvinyl chloride (polychloroethene, PVC) is an addition polymer from chloroethene monomers (vinyl chloride)
- are stiffer than polyethylene (Cl>H)
- held together by stronger dipole dipole and dispersion forces (Cl>H)
- brittle
- PVC + UV absorber prevents sun degradation,
- PVC + heat stabiliser improves performance at high temperatures
- PVC + plasticer softens
- used for banks cards, water pipes

83
Q

what is polystyrene

A

polystyrene (polyethenylbenzene, PS) is an addition polymer produced from styrene (ethenylbenzene) monomers
- are 2 forms: crystal and expanded

84
Q

crystal polystyrene

A
  • rigid (stiffness from bulky benzene rings)
  • brittle
  • transparent (low light scattering)
  • 100C deforming temperature
  • used for CD cases
85
Q

expanded polystyrene

A
  • comprehensible and lightweight (N2 gas pockets)
  • maintains shape
  • heat and sound insulation (N2 gas pockets)
  • opaque (high light scattering)
  • used for packaging material
86
Q

what is polytetrafluoroethylene

A

polytetrafluoroethylene (polytetrafluoroethene, PTFE) is an addition polymer produced from tetrafluoroethylene (tetrafluoroethene) monomers
- rigid and durable (H<F<Cl)
- chemically unreactive (C-F is strongest carbon bond)
- high BP
- hydrophobic (non-polar)
- lipophobic = non stick and low friction (weak dispersion forces)
- used for non stick frypans

87
Q

determining structure of addition polymer from monomer

A
  1. identify double or triple bond
  2. redraw monomer to make the double or triple bond central
  3. bond individual monomers to the carbon atoms involved in double/triple bonds
  4. all other atoms are side chains
88
Q

what is a condensation polymer

A

is the formation of polymers via repeated condensation reactions while eliminating a small molecular product (usually water or ammonia)
- polyamides, nylon, proteins and polyesters are formed using condensation

89
Q

what is a polyamide

A

is formed by the repeated condensation reaction of dicarboxylic acid and diamine co-monomers

90
Q

what is nylon

A

synthetic linear polyamide and type of condensation polymer
- the most common is nylon-6,6 made from hexane-1, 6-diamine and hexanedioic acid co-monomers
- high tensile strengnth
- rigid
- resistant to chemical and thermal degredation
- used for car engines

91
Q

what is a protein

A

a natural polyamide and condensation polymer characterised by repeating ester units produced from dicarboxylic acid and diol co-monomers
- most common is PET (polyethylene terephthalate) made from ethane-1,2-diol and benzene-1, 4-dioic acid monomers
- strong polar ester linkage
- rigid (benzene rings)
- colourless
- high tensile strength and MP
- semi-crystalline and water resistant
- used for heavy duty fabrics

92
Q

chemical structure of all polymers

A
  • increase chain length = increase dispersion forces and rigidity and BP
  • increase in crystalline (opposite is amorphous) = increase in intermolecular force strength and density/rigidity and BP
  • chain branching = loose packing and amorphous molecules
  • chain stiffening from large side chains = increase rigidity
93
Q

biodegradability of all polymers

A
  • increase in polarity of bonds = increase in biodegradability
  • increase in CH bonds
  • C-Cl, C=O, C-N, C-O are easier to biodegrade
  • condensation polymers are easier to biodegrade than addition polymers
94
Q

primary amide functional group trend

A
  • increase chain length doesn’t increase BP
  • H-bond and polar therefore high BP
  • soluble in water and solids at 25C
95
Q

carboxylic acid functional group trend

A
  • H-bond and polar therefore high BP
  • soluble in water
96
Q

primary alcohols functional group trend

A
  • H-bond and polar therefore high BP
  • H in OH group is donor and 2 lone O pairs
97
Q

primary amines functional group trend

A
  • H-bond and polar therefore high BP
  • 2 H’s of amines are donors and 1 lone N2 pair
  • due to trigonal pyramidal geometry, doesn’t stack well, decrease reaction efficiency
  • low BP
  • soluble in water
98
Q

aldehydes and ketones functional group trend

A
  • polar bonds
  • increase symmetry = increase reaction efficiency
  • increase chain length = decrease in water solubility
99
Q

esters functional group trend

A
  • polar bonds
100
Q

hydrocarbons functional group trend

A
  • only dispersion forces
  • low BP
  • insoluble in water
101
Q

what is polyster

A

a condensation polymer characterised by repeating ester units. they are produced by dicarboxylic acid and diol co-monomer
- most common is PET (polythyleneterephthalate)

102
Q

PET

A

formed from condensation reaction between ethane-1,2-diol and benzene-1,4-dioic acid monomers
- ester linkage is polar due to polar C-O and C=O bonds
- benzene rings give PET rigidity
- properties (colourless, high tensile strength from polar bond, high MP, semi-crystalline, water resistance)

chemistry yr 12 (8 decks)

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