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chemistry yr 12 > BP, solubility, volatility > Flashcards

BP, solubility, volatility Flashcards

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1
Q

solubility of alcohols in water

A

alcohol solubility is proportional to (solute-solvent) - (solute-solute) - (solvent-solvent)
- memorise table

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2
Q

reflux in ester production

A

a procedure in which the reaction flask is continually heated while vapours emerging from it are guided through a condenser tube which cools the gases and condenses them back into the flask
- prevents loss of reagent
- allows reaction to perform at higher temps (increasing ROR)

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3
Q

aldehyde and ketone properties

A
  • both have polar carbonyl groups (C=O)
  • dipole-dipole and dispersion forces
  • increase chain length = decrease in solubility
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4
Q

amines properties

A
  • has a polar NH2 group
  • as carbon chain increases the basicity increases and solubility decreases
  • in order of basicity tertiary>secondary>primary
  • has hydrogen, dipole dipole and dispersion forces
  • in order of BP tertiary<secondary<primary
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5
Q

order of alcohol reactivity

A
  1. tertiary
  2. secondary
  3. primary
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6
Q

hydrocarbons functional group trend

A
  • only dispersion forces
  • low BP
  • insoluble in water
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7
Q

carboxylic acid functional group trend

A
  • H-bond and polar therefore high BP
  • soluble in water
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8
Q

primary alcohols functional group trend

A
  • H-bond and polar therefore high BP
  • H in OH group is donor and 2 lone O pairs
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9
Q

amide properties

A
  • have both NH and C=O groups
  • have hydrogen, dipole dipole and dispersion
  • as MM increases solubility decreases
  • in order of BP primary>secondary>tertiary
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10
Q

important apparatus for esterification

A
  • hotplate
  • boiling chips (control the boiling by providing nucleation sites for bubbles to dissipate promote even boiling and prevent bumping
  • condenser tube
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11
Q

esters functional group trend

A
  • polar bonds
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12
Q

aldehydes and ketones functional group trend

A
  • polar bonds
  • increase symmetry = increase reaction efficiency
  • increase chain length = decrease in water solubility
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13
Q

primary amide functional group trend

A
  • increase chain length doesn’t increase BP
  • H-bond and polar therefore high BP
  • soluble in water and solids at 25C
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14
Q

primary amines functional group trend

A
  • H-bond and polar therefore high BP
  • 2 H’s of amines are donors and 1 lone N2 pair
  • due to trigonal pyramidal geometry, doesn’t stack well, decrease reaction efficiency
  • low BP
  • soluble in water
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15
Q

BP trends in alcohol

A
  • as carbon chain increases so intermolecular forces increase so BP increases
  • as carbon chain increases BP difference btw alkanes and alcohols decreases (dispersion forces dominate in alcohols)
  • alcohols BP»»alkanes BP (always)
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16
Q

dissolving alcohols in water process

A

2 sections:
1. alkyl (non polar and only interacts using dispersion forces)
2. hydroxyl (polar and only interacts using H-bonding and dipole-diple)

17
Q

solubility trends of alcohol

A
  • carbon chain increases = stronger dispersion forces = decrease solubility
  • order of solubility (accessibility of OH group) = tertiary>secondary>primary
18
Q

carboxylic acid properties

A
  • have polar carbonyl group (COOH)
  • as carbon chain increases the acidity and solubility decreases
  • in order of acidity tertiary<secondary<primary
  • have hydrogen, dipole dipole and dispersion forces
19
Q

order of alcohols BPs

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. tertiary
20
Q

biodegradability of all polymers

A
  • increase in polarity of bonds = increase in biodegradability
  • increase in CH bonds
  • C-Cl, C=O, C-N, C-O are easier to biodegrade
  • condensation polymers are easier to biodegrade than addition polymers
21
Q

chemical structure of all polymers

A
  • increase chain length = increase dispersion forces and rigidity and BP
  • increase in crystalline (opposite is amorphous) = increase in intermolecular force strength and density/rigidity and BP
  • chain branching = loose packing and amorphous molecules
  • chain stiffening from large side chains = increase rigidity
22
Q

purification of ester

A
  1. neutralise the excess acid by adding base Na2CO3
  2. add water to dissolve water soluble substances (e.g salts, etc.)
  3. add mixture to separating funnel to separate into a dense organic layer and more dense aqueous layer
  4. the aqueous at the bottom is removed
  5. repeat 3&4 multiple times
  6. use distillation to separate ester from other compounds

chemistry yr 12 (8 decks)

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