Mod. 7 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a functional group?
A
a group of atoms that give an organic molecule its unique chemical structure and properties
2
Q
What is a homologous series?
A
a series or group of organic compounds with the same functional group
3
Q
What are the prefixes for naming carbon chains 1-10?
A
C1 - meth
C2- eth
C3- prop
C4- but
C5- pent
C6- hex
C7- hept
C8- oct
C9- non
C10- dec
4
Q
What is an alkane?
bonds, ending, type of molecule
A
- contains single bonds
- saturated molecule
- suffix -‘ane’
5
Q
Why is alkane satuarted?
A
they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible
6
Q
What is an alkene
bond, ending, type
A
- contains at least one double bond
- suffix ‘-ene’
7
Q
What is an alkyne?
A
- contains at least 1 double bond
- suffix ‘-yne’
8
Q
What are alkanols?
functional group, suffix
A
- contain a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group
- suffix ‘-ol’
9
Q
What is a primary alcohol?
A
when the OH is attached to one other alkyl group
10
Q
What is a secondary alcohol?
A
when the -OH is joined to two other akyl groups
11
Q
What is a tertiary alcohol?
A
when the -OH is joined to three akyl groups
12
Q
What’s a carboxylic acid?
A
- carboxyl functional group (COOH) that is always at the end of the parent chain
- suffix ‘-oic acid’
13
Q
What are aldehydes?
A
- contain a carbonyl funtional group -C=O or -CHO
- suffix ‘al’
14
Q
What are ketones?
A
- contain -C=O
- suffic ‘-one’
15
Q
What are amines?
A
- contain -NH2
- suffix ‘amine’
16
Q
What are amides?
what’s special about its naming?
A
- contain C=O or -CONH2
- suffix ‘amide’
- if nitrigen is bonded to alkyl group prefix ‘N-‘ before alkyl group
17
Q
What are esters?
A
- contain -COO-
- two word name with suffixes ‘-yl’ and ‘-oate’
18
Q
What are haloalkanes?
A
-contain -F, -Cl, -Br, -I
- prefix fluro-, chorlo-, bromo-, iodo-
19
Q
Name:
-F, -Cl, -Br, -I
A
Haloalkane
20
Q
Name:
-OH
A
alcohol
21
Q
Name:
-NH2
A
Amine
22
Q
Name:
-COOH
A
Carboxylic acid
23
Q
Name:
-COO-
A
Ester
24
Q
Name:
-CHO
A
Aldehyde
25
# Name:
-CO-
Ketone
26
# Name:
-CONH2-
Amide
27
Define the term chain isomer
molecules with the same molecular formula, but different carbon stem arrangement
28
Define the term position isomers?
molecules with the same molecular formula and functional group, but different position of functional group.
29
Define the term functional group isomer
moleucles with the same molecular formula but different functional group
30
What are the physical properites of organic compounds?
| order them from least strongest to most strongest.
1. disperison
2. dipole-dipole
3. hydorgen bonding
31
What is dispersion force?
it is a temporary dipole
32
What is dispersion force caused by?
It's caused by a random distribution of electrons
33
What is dipole-dipole?
permanent dipole
34
How is dipole-dipole caused?
caused by the difference in electronegativity
35
Where is dipole-dipole present?
- ketones
- aldehyde
- esters
- haloalaknes
36
# True or False
dipole-dipole is stronger than dispersion force.
TRUE
37
What is hydrogen bonding?
it's a stronger case of dipole-dipole
38
How is hydorgen bonding formed?
occurs from an interaction caused by hyrogen atoms covalently bonded to F,O,N that are attracted to lone pairs of electrons of other F,O,N atoms
39
What intermolecular forces are present in alkanes?
weak dispersion force
40
What's the trend for the boiling point of hydrocarbons?
| order them from highest to lowest
1. alkyne
2. alkene
3. alkane
41
# Fill in the blank
Melting and boiling point increase as ___________________
molar mass increases
42
What can influence the strength of disperion force and boiling point?
molecular shape
43
# Fill in the blank:
longer carbon chains = ________________
stronger disperison forces
44
Why do straight chain alkanes have a lower boiling point?
- they are able to fit closer together (compact)
- are polarised (negative bonded to positive)
- prodcue greater dispersion forces
45
# True or False:
Haloalkanes have non-polar bonds
FALSE. They are polar
46
What do the polar bonds in haloalkanes lead to?
- leads to a large difference in electronagtivity which allows for dipole-dipole attraction to occur
47
Do haloalkanes have a high boiling point? Why?
They have high boiling points as more energy is required to overcome these forces.
48
# Fill in the blank
Straight-chain hydrocarbons have ________
stronger intermolecular forces
49
why do straight carbon chains stack more efficiently?
because of packing - requires more energy to melt and form strong dispersion force.
50
What is volatility?
the ease a substance is converted to vapour as boiling point decreases
51
What happens to the volatility of alkenes and alkanes?
volitilitay decreases as MM increases
52
What makes a substance highly volitlie?
weak intermolecular forces of molecules of a low molecular weight
53
How is the solubility of a hydrocarbon determined?
* by the way moleculues of a compound interact with water
54
When will a hydrocarbon dissolve? When can't it dissolve?
* when IMF can be established between a solute and a solvent
* wont dissolve if subsatnce has dissimillar IMF
55
What affects solubility of a hydrocarbon?
* polarity of functional groups
* length of non polar carbon chains
56
What homogenous series aren't soluble?
* alkanes
* alkenes
* alkynes
57
What is an additon reaction?
* reaction between an unsaturated hydrocarbon and another molecule to form a new product (ONE ALKANE) PRODUCT)
58
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have reactive bonds with high electron density. What does this promote?
reactions with other molecules such as halogens with high electronegativity
59
What is hydrogenation?
* when alkenes and alkynes are converted via an addition reaction with hydrogen gas to form alkanes.
60
What catylast is used for hydrogenation?
Metal catalyst (i.e. nickel) is used to speed up the reaction.
| hydorgen gas is non-polar catylast caused hydogren to become polarised
61
What is halogenation?
* When halogen atoms are added to the carbon atoms of a double or triple bond
62
What are halogen atoms?
Cl, F, Br, I,
63
What is used to test for the presence of a double or triple bond?
reaction of a unknown hydrocarbon with Br-Br without UV/ sunlight
64
What is hydration?
* when alkenes react with water under specific conditions to form -OH
65
What happens in hydration?
| What is transformed?
the alkane become alcohol
66
What are common acid catalysts for hydration?
| NAME 3
1. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
2. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
3. Nitric acid (HNO3)
67
What is a substituion reaction?
* when halogen atoms replace hydorgen atoms
68
What is required for substitution to occur?
* only occurs when initiated in UV light
69
What is hydrohalogenation?
* when the atoms of a hydrogen halide add to carbon atoms of a double or triple bond.
70
What is a hydrogen halide?
| Include an example
* contain one hydrogen atom and one halogen atom, such as HCI.
71
What rule is used along side addition reactions?
Markovink's Rule
72
What is Markovink’s Rule?
* rule identifies major and minor products of an addition reaction
