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Chemistry > Mod. 7 > Flashcards

Mod. 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a functional group?

A

a group of atoms that give an organic molecule its unique chemical structure and properties

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2
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

a series or group of organic compounds with the same functional group

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3
Q

What are the prefixes for naming carbon chains 1-10?

A

C1 - meth
C2- eth
C3- prop
C4- but
C5- pent
C6- hex
C7- hept
C8- oct
C9- non
C10- dec

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4
Q

What is an alkane?

bonds, ending, type of molecule

A
  • contains single bonds
  • saturated molecule
  • suffix -‘ane’
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5
Q

Why is alkane satuarted?

A

they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible

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6
Q

What is an alkene

bond, ending, type

A
  • contains at least one double bond
  • suffix ‘-ene’
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7
Q

What is an alkyne?

A
  • contains at least 1 double bond
  • suffix ‘-yne’
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8
Q

What are alkanols?

functional group, suffix

A
  • contain a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group
  • suffix ‘-ol’
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9
Q

What is a primary alcohol?

A

when the OH is attached to one other alkyl group

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10
Q

What is a secondary alcohol?

A

when the -OH is joined to two other akyl groups

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11
Q

What is a tertiary alcohol?

A

when the -OH is joined to three akyl groups

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12
Q

What’s a carboxylic acid?

A
  • carboxyl functional group (COOH) that is always at the end of the parent chain
  • suffix ‘-oic acid’
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13
Q

What are aldehydes?

A
  • contain a carbonyl funtional group -C=O or -CHO
  • suffix ‘al’
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14
Q

What are ketones?

A
  • contain -C=O
  • suffic ‘-one’
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15
Q

What are amines?

A
  • contain -NH2
  • suffix ‘amine’
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16
Q

What are amides?

what’s special about its naming?

A
  • contain C=O or -CONH2
  • suffix ‘amide’
  • if nitrigen is bonded to alkyl group prefix ‘N-‘ before alkyl group
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17
Q

What are esters?

A
  • contain -COO-
  • two word name with suffixes ‘-yl’ and ‘-oate’
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18
Q

What are haloalkanes?

A

-contain -F, -Cl, -Br, -I
- prefix fluro-, chorlo-, bromo-, iodo-

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19
Q

Name:

-F, -Cl, -Br, -I

A

Haloalkane

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20
Q

Name:

-OH

A

alcohol

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21
Q

Name:

-NH2

A

Amine

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22
Q

Name:

-COOH

A

Carboxylic acid

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23
Q

Name:

-COO-

A

Ester

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24
Q

Name:

-CHO

A

Aldehyde

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25
Q

Name:

-CO-

A

Ketone

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26
Q

Name:

-CONH2-

A

Amide

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27
Q

Define the term chain isomer

A

molecules with the same molecular formula, but different carbon stem arrangement

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28
Q

Define the term position isomers?

A

molecules with the same molecular formula and functional group, but different position of functional group.

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29
Q

Define the term functional group isomer

A

moleucles with the same molecular formula but different functional group

30
Q

What are the physical properites of organic compounds?

order them from least strongest to most strongest.

A
  1. disperison
  2. dipole-dipole
  3. hydorgen bonding
31
Q

What is dispersion force?

A

it is a temporary dipole

32
Q

What is dispersion force caused by?

A

It’s caused by a random distribution of electrons

33
Q

What is dipole-dipole?

A

permanent dipole

34
Q

How is dipole-dipole caused?

A

caused by the difference in electronegativity

35
Q

Where is dipole-dipole present?

A
  • ketones
  • aldehyde
  • esters
  • haloalaknes
36
Q

True or False

dipole-dipole is stronger than dispersion force.

A

TRUE

37
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

it’s a stronger case of dipole-dipole

38
Q

How is hydorgen bonding formed?

A

occurs from an interaction caused by hyrogen atoms covalently bonded to F,O,N that are attracted to lone pairs of electrons of other F,O,N atoms

39
Q

What intermolecular forces are present in alkanes?

A

weak dispersion force

40
Q

What’s the trend for the boiling point of hydrocarbons?

order them from highest to lowest

A
  1. alkyne
  2. alkene
  3. alkane
41
Q

Fill in the blank

Melting and boiling point increase as ___________________

A

molar mass increases

42
Q

What can influence the strength of disperion force and boiling point?

A

molecular shape

43
Q

Fill in the blank:

longer carbon chains = ________________

A

stronger disperison forces

44
Q

Why do straight chain alkanes have a lower boiling point?

A
  • they are able to fit closer together (compact)
  • are polarised (negative bonded to positive)
  • prodcue greater dispersion forces
45
Q

True or False:

Haloalkanes have non-polar bonds

A

FALSE. They are polar

46
Q

What do the polar bonds in haloalkanes lead to?

A
  • leads to a large difference in electronagtivity which allows for dipole-dipole attraction to occur
47
Q

Do haloalkanes have a high boiling point? Why?

A

They have high boiling points as more energy is required to overcome these forces.

48
Q

Fill in the blank

Straight-chain hydrocarbons have ________

A

stronger intermolecular forces

49
Q

why do straight carbon chains stack more efficiently?

A

because of packing - requires more energy to melt and form strong dispersion force.

50
Q

What is volatility?

A

the ease a substance is converted to vapour as boiling point decreases

51
Q

What happens to the volatility of alkenes and alkanes?

A

volitilitay decreases as MM increases

52
Q

What makes a substance highly volitlie?

A

weak intermolecular forces of molecules of a low molecular weight

53
Q

How is the solubility of a hydrocarbon determined?

A
  • by the way moleculues of a compound interact with water
54
Q

When will a hydrocarbon dissolve? When can’t it dissolve?

A
  • when IMF can be established between a solute and a solvent
  • wont dissolve if subsatnce has dissimillar IMF
55
Q

What affects solubility of a hydrocarbon?

A
  • polarity of functional groups
  • length of non polar carbon chains
56
Q

What homogenous series aren’t soluble?

A
  • alkanes
  • alkenes
  • alkynes
57
Q

What is an additon reaction?

A
  • reaction between an unsaturated hydrocarbon and another molecule to form a new product (ONE ALKANE) PRODUCT)
58
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons have reactive bonds with high electron density. What does this promote?

A

reactions with other molecules such as halogens with high electronegativity

59
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A
  • when alkenes and alkynes are converted via an addition reaction with hydrogen gas to form alkanes.
60
Q

What catylast is used for hydrogenation?

A

Metal catalyst (i.e. nickel) is used to speed up the reaction.

hydorgen gas is non-polar catylast caused hydogren to become polarised

61
Q

What is halogenation?

A
  • When halogen atoms are added to the carbon atoms of a double or triple bond
62
Q

What are halogen atoms?

A

Cl, F, Br, I,

63
Q

What is used to test for the presence of a double or triple bond?

A

reaction of a unknown hydrocarbon with Br-Br without UV/ sunlight

64
Q

What is hydration?

A
  • when alkenes react with water under specific conditions to form -OH
65
Q

What happens in hydration?

What is transformed?

A

the alkane become alcohol

66
Q

What are common acid catalysts for hydration?

NAME 3

A
  1. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
  2. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
  3. Nitric acid (HNO3)
67
Q

What is a substituion reaction?

A
  • when halogen atoms replace hydorgen atoms
68
Q

What is required for substitution to occur?

A
  • only occurs when initiated in UV light
69
Q

What is hydrohalogenation?

A
  • when the atoms of a hydrogen halide add to carbon atoms of a double or triple bond.
70
Q

What is a hydrogen halide?

Include an example

A
  • contain one hydrogen atom and one halogen atom, such as HCI.
71
Q

What rule is used along side addition reactions?

A

Markovink’s Rule

72
Q

What is Markovink’s Rule?

A
  • rule identifies major and minor products of an addition reaction

Chemistry (3 decks)

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