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PHGY 4 > Mod 6 > Flashcards

Mod 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the secretory cells of the glands get their water and raw materials from

A

the plasma

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2
Q

What form of carbs can be absorbed?

A

Only monosaccharides can be absorbed (glucose, fructose, and galactose)

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3
Q

What form of fats can be absorbed?

A

Both free fatty acids and the monoglyceride can be absorbed

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4
Q

Smooth muscle cell’s pace-maker electrical activity = slow wave potentials — where does this electrical activity come from

A

non-contractile Cajal cells

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5
Q

Where are Cajal cells located

A

Cajal cells are located at the boundary of the circular and longitudinal muscle layer

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6
Q

what type of junctions connect smooth muscles?

A

gap junctions

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7
Q

What are the intrinsic nerve plexuses

A
  • the submucosal plexus
  • myenteric plexus
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8
Q

How are neurons of the ENS connected?

A

interneurons

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9
Q

What comprises the extrinsic autonomic nerves

A
  • nerves and fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
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10
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic NS on the GI tract

A

the sympathetic NS tends to slow down the digestive tract contraction and secretions

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11
Q

What is the main purpose of the cephalic phase?

A

Main purpose of cephalic phase = anticipatory in preparing the stomach prior to the arrival of food

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12
Q

What are the components of the oral phase of digestion

A
  • palate
  • tongue
  • pharynx
  • teeth
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13
Q

What are the major saliva proteins

A
  • amylase
  • mucous
  • lysozyme
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14
Q

Salivary secretions can be increase by which 2 reflexes

A
  • Simple salivary reflexes
  • conditioned salivary reflex
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15
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the stomach

A

fundus
body
antrum

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16
Q

define - retropulsion

A

This process = retropulsion’ and it ensures the chyme is toughly mixed until the particles are small enough for emptying

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17
Q

what are the 2 most important hormones involved in digestion

A
  • secretin
  • cholecystokinin CCK
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18
Q

What 4 duodenum stimuli affect gastric emptying

A
  1. fat
  2. acid
  3. hypertonicity
  4. distension
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19
Q

Where can you find oxyntic mucosa

A

Oxyntic mucosa line the fundus and the body

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20
Q

Where can you find pyloric glands?

A

lining the antrum

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21
Q

What cells secrete HCl

A

pepsinogen

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22
Q

What do chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogemn

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23
Q

What does the mucous secreted by surface epithelial cells protect against

A
  • lubricates to protect against mechanical injury
  • protects from acidic environment
  • protects from self digestion
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24
Q

Why is intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells important

A

intrinsic factor is important for the absorption of Vit B12

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25
Q

What the phases of gastric secretion

A
  1. gastric phase
  2. intestinal phase
  3. Cephalic phase
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26
Q

Pancreatic acinar cells secrete 3 diff types of pancreatic enzymes:

A
  1. Proteolytic enzymes
  2. Pancreatic amylase
  3. Pancreatic lipase
27
Q

What are the 3 types of proteolytic enzymes secreted by pancreatic acinar cells

A
  • trypsinogen
  • chyotrypsinogen
  • procarboxylasepeptidase
28
Q

What kind of control is the bulk of pancreatic secretion under

A

hormonal

29
Q

what causes the release of secretin and CCK?

A

The presence of chyme in the duodenum causes the release of secretin and CCK

30
Q

What does it do - Secretin

A

increases secretion of aqueous NaHCO3 solution into duodenal lumen

31
Q

What does it do - Pancreatic lipase

A

It hydrolyzes triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids

31
Q

What does it do - CCK

A

increases secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes into duodenal lumen

32
Q

What does it do - Pancreatic amylase

A

It converts polysaccharides into the disaccharide maltose

33
Q

What does it do - Trypsinogen

A

A proteolytic enzyme converted to its active form by enterokinase

34
Q

What is the most important function of the liver

A

With respect to digestion, the most important role of the liver is the production of bile salts which are important for fat digestion and absorption

35
Q

What is the functional unit of the liver called?

A

lobule

36
Q

Where does the CDB transport to and from

A

CBD = transports bile from the liver to the duodenum

37
Q

What lines sinusoids, function

A

Kupfer cells - line sinusoids, they are macrophages

38
Q

The central veins of all liver lobules converge to form…

A

the hepatic vein

39
Q

The opening of the bile duct into the duodenum is guarded by:

A

The sphincter of Oddi that is closed until bile is needed

40
Q

What are bile salts a derivative of?

A

cholesterol

41
Q

What % of bile salts are recycled

A

95%

42
Q

What is colipase

A

Along with lipase, the pancreas secretes colipase, which binds both lipase and the bile salts to hold the lipase as its site of action so it can break down the triglycerides

43
Q

Is bilirubin involved in digestion

A

nope. its a biproduct that is secreted wit bile

44
Q

where does bilirubin come from

A

comes from the degradation of hemoglobin in old RBC’s

45
Q

What does bilirubin do

A

turns poo brown and pee yellow

46
Q

If the gallbladder is removed, where is bile stored>

A

common bile duct

47
Q

Where does the majority of digestion occur

A

small intestine

48
Q

What are the sections of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
49
Q

What is the term for motility in the small intestine

A

segmentation
**NOT peristaltic

50
Q

What causes segmentation in an empty ileum

A

gastrin which is secreted die to the presence of chyme in the stomach

51
Q

What initiates segmentation,

A

Segmentation is initiated by pacemaker cells that generate a basic electrical rhythm (BER)

52
Q

Which has the higher BER:
duodenum and jejunem or ileum

A

duodenum and jejunem

53
Q

What enhances the excitability of the smooth muscle in the small intestine?

A
  • distention of the small intestine
  • gastrin
  • extrinsic nerve activity
54
Q

What does the small intestine secrete

A
  • mucous
  • no intestinal enzymes are secreted
  • just pancreatic enzymes
55
Q

What is the primary function of the small intestine

A

absorption

56
Q

How is the surface area of the small intestine increased

A
  • circular folds increase 3x
  • villi increase 10x
  • microvilli increase 20x
57
Q

How is fructose absorbed in the small intestine

A

facilitated diffusion

58
Q

Name 3 causes of diarrhea

A
  1. excessive small intestine motility
  2. Excess of osmotically active particles
  3. Toxins from v.cholerae and other microorganisms
59
Q

What is chyme in the large intestine composed of?

A

this chyme consists of indigestible food elements like cellulose, unabsorbed biliary secretions, and some fluid

60
Q

With regards to gastric emptying, which of the following is the most potent stimulus to decrease emptying?

A

Fat

61
Q

With regards to gastric absorption, which ONE of the following is absorbed in the stomach?

A

Alcohol

62
Q

Which of the following is the most potent chemical signal in regulating bile secretion?

A

Bile salts

PHGY 4 (3 decks)

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