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PHGY 4 > Mod 6 > Flashcards

Mod 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the secretory cells of the glands get their water and raw materials from

A

the plasma

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2
Q

What form of carbs can be absorbed?

A

Only monosaccharides can be absorbed (glucose, fructose, and galactose)

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3
Q

What form of fats can be absorbed?

A

Both free fatty acids and the monoglyceride can be absorbed

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4
Q

Smooth muscle cell’s pace-maker electrical activity = slow wave potentials — where does this electrical activity come from

A

non-contractile Cajal cells

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5
Q

Where are Cajal cells located

A

Cajal cells are located at the boundary of the circular and longitudinal muscle layer

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6
Q

what type of junctions connect smooth muscles?

A

gap junctions

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7
Q

What are the intrinsic nerve plexuses

A
  • the submucosal plexus
  • myenteric plexus
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8
Q

How are neurons of the ENS connected?

A

interneurons

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9
Q

What comprises the extrinsic autonomic nerves

A
  • nerves and fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
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10
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic NS on the GI tract

A

the sympathetic NS tends to slow down the digestive tract contraction and secretions

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11
Q

What is the main purpose of the cephalic phase?

A

Main purpose of cephalic phase = anticipatory in preparing the stomach prior to the arrival of food

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12
Q

What are the components of the oral phase of digestion

A
  • palate
  • tongue
  • pharynx
  • teeth
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13
Q

What are the major saliva proteins

A
  • amylase
  • mucous
  • lysozyme
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14
Q

Salivary secretions can be increase by which 2 reflexes

A
  • Simple salivary reflexes
  • conditioned salivary reflex
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15
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the stomach

A

fundus
body
antrum

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16
Q

define - retropulsion

A

This process = retropulsion’ and it ensures the chyme is toughly mixed until the particles are small enough for emptying

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17
Q

what are the 2 most important hormones involved in digestion

A
  • secretin
  • cholecystokinin CCK
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18
Q

What 4 duodenum stimuli affect gastric emptying

A
  1. fat
  2. acid
  3. hypertonicity
  4. distension
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19
Q

Where can you find oxyntic mucosa

A

Oxyntic mucosa line the fundus and the body

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20
Q

Where can you find pyloric glands?

A

lining the antrum

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21
Q

What cells secrete HCl

A

pepsinogen

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22
Q

What do chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogemn

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23
Q

What does the mucous secreted by surface epithelial cells protect against

A
  • lubricates to protect against mechanical injury
  • protects from acidic environment
  • protects from self digestion
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24
Q

Why is intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells important

A

intrinsic factor is important for the absorption of Vit B12

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25
What the phases of gastric secretion
1. gastric phase 2. intestinal phase 3. Cephalic phase
26
Pancreatic acinar cells secrete 3 diff types of pancreatic enzymes:
1. Proteolytic enzymes 2. Pancreatic amylase 3. Pancreatic lipase
27
What are the 3 types of proteolytic enzymes secreted by pancreatic acinar cells
- trypsinogen - chyotrypsinogen - procarboxylasepeptidase
28
What kind of control is the bulk of pancreatic secretion under
hormonal
29
what causes the release of secretin and CCK?
The presence of chyme in the duodenum causes the release of secretin and CCK
30
What does it do - Secretin
increases secretion of aqueous NaHCO3 solution into duodenal lumen
31
What does it do - Pancreatic lipase
It hydrolyzes triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids
31
What does it do - CCK
increases secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes into duodenal lumen
32
What does it do - Pancreatic amylase
It converts polysaccharides into the disaccharide maltose
33
What does it do - Trypsinogen
A proteolytic enzyme converted to its active form by enterokinase
34
What is the most important function of the liver
With respect to digestion, the most important role of the liver is the production of bile salts which are important for fat digestion and absorption
35
What is the functional unit of the liver called?
lobule
36
Where does the CDB transport to and from
CBD = transports bile from the liver to the duodenum
37
What lines sinusoids, function
Kupfer cells - line sinusoids, they are macrophages
38
The central veins of all liver lobules converge to form...
the hepatic vein
39
The opening of the bile duct into the duodenum is guarded by:
The sphincter of Oddi that is closed until bile is needed
40
What are bile salts a derivative of?
cholesterol
41
What % of bile salts are recycled
95%
42
What is colipase
Along with lipase, the pancreas secretes colipase, which binds both lipase and the bile salts to hold the lipase as its site of action so it can break down the triglycerides
43
Is bilirubin involved in digestion
nope. its a biproduct that is secreted wit bile
44
where does bilirubin come from
comes from the degradation of hemoglobin in old RBC's
45
What does bilirubin do
turns poo brown and pee yellow
46
If the gallbladder is removed, where is bile stored>
common bile duct
47
Where does the majority of digestion occur
small intestine
48
What are the sections of the small intestine
- duodenum - jejunum - ileum
49
What is the term for motility in the small intestine
segmentation **NOT peristaltic
50
What causes segmentation in an empty ileum
gastrin which is secreted die to the presence of chyme in the stomach
51
What initiates segmentation,
Segmentation is initiated by pacemaker cells that generate a basic electrical rhythm (BER)
52
Which has the higher BER: duodenum and jejunem or ileum
duodenum and jejunem
53
What enhances the excitability of the smooth muscle in the small intestine?
- distention of the small intestine - gastrin - extrinsic nerve activity
54
What does the small intestine secrete
- mucous - no intestinal enzymes are secreted - just pancreatic enzymes
55
What is the primary function of the small intestine
absorption
56
How is the surface area of the small intestine increased
- circular folds increase 3x - villi increase 10x - microvilli increase 20x
57
How is fructose absorbed in the small intestine
facilitated diffusion
58
Name 3 causes of diarrhea
1. excessive small intestine motility 2. Excess of osmotically active particles 3. Toxins from v.cholerae and other microorganisms
59
What is chyme in the large intestine composed of?
this chyme consists of indigestible food elements like cellulose, unabsorbed biliary secretions, and some fluid
60
With regards to gastric emptying, which of the following is the most potent stimulus to decrease emptying?
Fat
61
With regards to gastric absorption, which ONE of the following is absorbed in the stomach?
Alcohol
62
Which of the following is the most potent chemical signal in regulating bile secretion?
Bile salts

PHGY 4 (3 decks)

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