Mod 5 Vocabulary Flashcards
absorption
passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the blood stream.
amino acids
small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested.
amylase
enzyme=(-ase) secreted by the pancreas and Salivary glands to digest starch=(amyl/o)
anus
terminal end of an opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.
appendix
blind pouch hanging from the cecum(in the RLQ). It literally means hanging=pend/o onto=ap-
bile
digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up(emulsifies) large fat globules.
bilirubin
pigment released by the liver in bowel
bowel
intestine
canine teeth
pointed, dog-like teeth. Next to the incisors, also called cuspids or eyeteeth.
cecum
first part of the large intestine.
colon
portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments.
common bile duct
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called choledochus.
defecation
elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus
deglutition
swallowing
dentin
primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
digestion
breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
duodenum
first part of the small intestines, duo=2, den=10. The duodenum is 12 in lonf=g.
elimination
removal of materials from the body in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials(feces)
emulsification
breaking up of large fat globules into smaller globules. This increases the surface area that enzymes can use to digest fat
enamel
hard, outermost layer of a tooth
enzyme
chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes breakdown complex foods to simpler substances. Enzymes are given names that end in -ase.
esophagus
tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso- inward, phag/o swallowing
fatty acids
substances produced when fats are digested.
feces
solid waste, stool, the term fecal means pertaining to feces.
gallbladder
small sac under the liver, stores bile.
glucose
simple sugar
glycogen
starch, glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
hydrochloric acid
substance(strong acid) produced in the stomach and aids in digestion
ileum
third part of the small intestine from the Greek elios meaning twisted.
incisor
anyone of the front four teeth in the dental arch
insulin
hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas, it helps transport sugar into the body cells
jejunum
second part of the small intestine. Latin jejunus means empty.
lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
liver
large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. The liver secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out red blood cells; and filters out toxins.
lower esophageal sphincter(LES) (cardiac sphincter)
ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach.
mastication
chewing
molar teeth
3 large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth, on either side of the dental arch. Premolar teeth are 2 teeth before the molars.
palate
roof of the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone(maxilla). The soft palate is posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat.
pancreas
organ behind the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods)
papillae
small projections on the tongue. Taste buds (taste receptors cells) are located w/in the papillae.
parotid gland
salivary gland w/in the cheek, just another to the ear (par- near, ot/o=ear)
peristalisis
rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. In the gastrointestinal tract, peristalsis moves the contents through at different rates: stomach 0.5-2 hr, small intestins 2-6 hr, colon 6-72 hr. -stalsis=constriction
pharynx
throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose.
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to their liver from the intestines.
protease
enzyme that digests proteins
pulp
soft tissue w/in a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. From the Greek pyloros, meaning gatekeeper. It is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes.
pylorus
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodeneum.
rectum
last section of the large intestines, connecting the end of the colon and the anus.
ruage
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.
saliva
digestive juice produced by salivary glands. Salvia contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the digestion of starch and sugar.
salivary glands
parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands.
sigmoid colon
lower, s-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum.
sphincter
circular ring of muscle that constricts passage or closes a natural opening.
stomach
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. The stomach’s parts are the fundus (proximal section) body (middle section) antrum (distal section)
triglycerides
fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol. Triglycerides(fats) are a subgroup of lipids.
uvula
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate. The Latin uva means a bunch of grapes.
villi(villus)
microscopic projections in the wall of small intestines that absorb nutrients into the blood stream.
