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Biology (Mod 5: Heredity) > Mod 5: Critical Q4 > Flashcards

Mod 5: Critical Q4 Flashcards

How can genetic similarities and differences within and between species be compared?

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1
Q

What are genotypes?

A

Set of alleles in DNA of an individual organism

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2
Q

What are alleles?

A

Alternative form of a gene

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3
Q

How many alleles are inherited by an individual?

A

2 - one from their father and one from their mother

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4
Q

How does variation in a population occur?

A

One gene having many alleles

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5
Q

What are phenotypes?

A

Observable traits

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6
Q

How are phenotypes determined?

A

Inheritance + effects of an organism’s environment

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7
Q

What is an example of a phenotype?

A

Skin colour -> depends on how much skin pigment (melanin) is produced. Also dependent on exposure to sun. Greater exposure -> More melanin produced

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8
Q

How are dominant phenotypes expressed?

A

If an individual carries at least 1 allele for dominant trait

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9
Q

How are recessive phenotypes expressed?

A

If an individual carries 2 alleles for recessive trait

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10
Q

What are heterozygous alleles

A

One allele dominant (Always EXPRESSED) and one allele recessive

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11
Q

What are homozygous alleles

A

Identical alleles of a gene (2 recessive allele or 2 dominant allele)

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12
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

Hybrid of 2 individuals with homozygous genotypes which results in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait

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13
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 homologous pairs, 46 in total

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14
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A
  • Code for sexual characteristics
  • Determine sex of organism (XX - Female, XY - Male)
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15
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Don’t code for any sexual characteristics

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16
Q

What is autosomal inheritance?

A

Patterns in the expression of characteristics which are found on autosomes

17
Q

What are the 3 types of autosomal inheritance?

A

Dominant/ Recessive
Co - dominant
Incomplete

18
Q

What is sexual inheritance?

A

Patterns in the expression of characteristics which are found on sex chromosomes

19
Q

What is an example of sexual inheritance?

A

Y chromosomes have fewer genes than X chromosomes. If male inherits faulty allele on X chromosome, will always be expressed

20
Q

What is X-linked inheritance?

A

Transmission of genes found on x chromosome

21
Q

How does X-linked inheritance affect male & females differently?

A

Dominant: Affect gender equally
Recessive: Affect men more. Higher chance of a man inheriting faulty x chromosome

22
Q

What is Y-linked inheritance?

A

Transmission of genes found on Y chromosome (Only passed from father to son)

23
Q

What is Co-dominance?

A

When both alleles are expressed in the phenotype

24
Q

What is Incomplete dominance?

A

Dominant allele is only partially expressed -> Doesn’t completely control phenotype of heterozygous organism

25
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

Diagram -> shows how traits are passed on over generations

26
Q

What are the applications of pedigrees?

A
  • Identify inheritance patterns of traits
  • Determine genotype + predict phenotype
27
Q

What are the 4 common inheritance patterns?

A
  • Autosomal dominant
  • Autosomal recessive
  • Sex-linked dominant
  • Sex-linked recessive
28
Q

How do we determine whether a trait is autosomal or sex-linked?

A
  • Sex
    Autosomal: No. of females affected is similar to affected males
    Sex-linked: All affected individuals are males
29
Q

How do we determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive?

A
  • Generations
    Dominant: Appears in every generation
    Recessive: If parents are affected, all children are affected
30
Q

What is allele frequency?

A

Relative proportion of a particular allele in a pop.

31
Q

How can we calculate allele frequency?

A

No. of an allele in a pop./ Total no. of allele in the pop.

32
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg model?

A

Describes & predicts frequencies in a non-evolving pop.

33
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A

Allele frequencies will stay the same across generations (when no evolutionary progresses occur)

34
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

Calculates genotype frequencies in a pop. based on given allele frequencies
- P^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Biology (Mod 5: Heredity) (2 decks)

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