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patho finals > mod 5 > Flashcards

mod 5 Flashcards

1
Q

hardening of large and medium arteries

A

atherosclerosis

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2
Q

hardening of small arteries

A

arteriolosclerosis

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3
Q

hardening of any artery

A

arteriosclerosis

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4
Q

inflammation of any artery

A

arteritis

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5
Q

a progressive chronic inflammation of arteries are characterized by:

A

1.Inflammation (Macrophages engulf LDLs > Foam Cells
2. Fibrosis( Conn. tissue/Collagen/Elastin
3.Liquid deposition(Cholesterol esters & cholesterol in cells

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6
Q

Etiology of Atherosclerosis

A

-BEGINS with Endothelial Injury
-Big Inflammatory Component
-Risk Factors:

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7
Q

Non-Modifiable

A

Age (40-60), Male, FamHx, Indigenous

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8
Q

Modifiable

A

cholesterol, HTN, Smoking, Diabetes, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome

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9
Q

Gruel/Porridge (ie. The fat in the blood)

A

Athero

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10
Q

Hardening

A

Sclerosis

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11
Q

Proliferation & Fibrosis

A

Conversion of Fatty Streak into a Mature Atheroma

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12
Q

Complicated plaque formation

A

Thin Fibrous Cap > Rupture > Thrombus > ACS

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13
Q

a.Heart > IHD (Angina, MI).
b.Brain > Cerebral Infarction (Stroke)
c.Kidneys > Renal Infarction
d.GIT > GI-Ischemia/Infarction
e.Lower Extremities > PVD (Eg. Claudication, Gangrene of Legs, Arterial Leg Ulcers)

A

Multi-Organ Disease:

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14
Q

Characterized By Accumulation

A

1.Lipids
2.Fibrous Elements
3.Local Inflammatory Response (Macrophages engulf LDLs > “Foam Cells”)

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15
Q

-Cause of 90% Myocardial Ischemia, Due to Occlusion of Coronary Circulation
-Cause ≈50% of deaths in Western Society.

A

Principal cause of Heart Disease & Stroke

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16
Q

3 Types of Lipids in Plasma:

A

1.Cholesterol + Ch. Esters
2.Phospholipids
3.Triglycerides (Fatty Acids + Glycerol)

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17
Q

-Insoluble In Water > Must be Packaged to be suspended in plasma.

A

Lipid Transport:

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18
Q

attribute to atherosclerosis

A

LDLs

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19
Q

help prevent atherosclerosis

A

HDLs

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20
Q

Vessel Injury – Endothelial Damage:
a. Risk Factors:

A

i.High Cholesterol
ii.Hypertension
iii.Smoking
iv.Toxins/Poisons
v.Virus
vi.Bacteria
vii.Immune Reaction
viii.Diabetes

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21
Q

a. fat deposition under the tunica-intima vessel-layer.
b. the typical early atherosclerotic lesion.
i. majority are clinically silent
ii. are reversible – eg. if diet changes
c. yellow color reflects:
i. oxidized lipids
ii. presence of ‘foam cells

A

Fatty Streak Formation

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22
Q

a. fatty streak gets more profound
b. foam cells unable to digest lipid contents → die
c. oxidized ldls – attract immune cells, cytokines, platelets, smooth muscle, connective tissue

A

Lipid Plaque

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23
Q

fat deposition under the

A

tunica-intima vessel-layer

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24
Q

the typical early atherosclerotic lesion.

A

i. majority are clinically silent
ii. are reversible – eg. if diet changes

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25
yellow color Fatty Streak Formation reflects
i. oxidized lipids ii. presence of ‘foam cells
26
a. fatty streak gets more profound b. foam cells unable to digest lipid contents → die c. oxidized ldls – attract immune cells, cytokines, platelets, smooth muscle, connective tissue
Lipid Plaque:
27
-Consistent Systolic of +130mmHg. AND/OR -Consistent Diastolic of +80mmHg
HYPERTENSION
28
Primary “Essential” Idiopathic Hypertension
95%
29
Idiopathic ʹ Likely multifactorial
not curable
30
▪Genetics/Family Hx ▪High Cholesterol/Salt Diet ▪Diabetes/Obesity ▪Smoking/Alcohol ▪Stress ▪Age
risk factors of HTN
31
Isolated Diastolic HTN
typically in older men
32
Due to Overactive Sympathetic NS > inc CO
Isolated Systolic HTN - in young adults
33
Due to dec Arterial Compliance- Calcification/Fibrosis
Isolated Systolic HTN - in older adults
34
-rapid inc in BP (>200/120mmhg) sufficient to cause vascular damage
Malignant Hypertension
35
Rupture of Artery/Arterioles in brain
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
36
hardening of kidney blood vessels) > Renal Failure
Nephrosclerosis
37
a “flow” limitation, typically due to coronary artery stenosis (narrowing)
ischemia
38
an oxygen limitation, typically due to high-altitude/respiratory insufficiency/etc.
hypoxia
39
- irreversible cell-death, typically due to sustained ischemia.
infarction
40
Regional Ischemia
local
41
Global Ischemia
entire heart
42
-Initially Subendocardial Ischemia /Infarction (ST-Depression & T-Wave Inversion) -Progresses to Transmural͛-Ischemia/Infarction (ST-Elevation & Pathological Q-Waves)
myocardial ischemia
43
Metabolic Changes - (Aerobic → Anaerobic)
Inc. Lactate, (Anaerobic Metabolism) dec. pH
44
-Decreased Myocardial Perfusion (relative to demand) due to Coronary Insufficiency.
Angina pectoris
45
- Stable Atherosclerotic Coronary Obstruction (No Plaque Disruption) -Presentation: Chest Pain on Physical Exertion, which fades quickly with Rest (minutes)
Stable Angina
46
-Due to: Coronary Vasospasm (May not be Atheroma). -Presentation: Angina Unrelated to Activity (Ie. At Rest)
Variant/Prinzmetal Angina
47
-Unstable Atherosclerotic Plaque (+/- Plaque Disruption & Thrombus). -Presentation: Prolonged Angina @ Rest (Either New Onset /inc Severity/inc Frequency). -Red Flag that MI may be Imminent
Unstable Angina “Preinfarction Angina”
48
-Due to: Ischemia masked by neuropathy (eg. Diabetes/dec. B12/etc) -Presentation: Painless, but may have Nausea, Vomiting, Diaphoresis + Abnormal ECG
silent ischemia
49
-Smoking -Hypertension -Hyperlipidaemia -Diabetes -Obesity
Prevention/Management of CV Risk Factors
50
Anti-Anginal Therapy
a.Nitrates (GTN) b.B-Blockers (Metoprolol) c.Ca-Channel Blockers
51
Antiplatelet Therapy
Aspirin / Clopidogrel
52
Lipid-Lowering Therapy
Atorvastatin/Simvastatin
53
Delayed Autoimmune Complication of a GROUP A BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI Tonsillo - Pharyngitis.
Rheumatic Fever (RF
54
Acute Phase of Rheumatic Fever
Acute Rheumatic Fever / Carditis
55
Typically > Mitral Stenosis
Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)
56
Licks joints but bites heart! (Temporary Arthritis, but Permanent Valvular Damage)
Rheumatic Fever (RF)
57
Licks heart but bites joints! (Mild Myocarditis, but permanent Severe Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
58
Jones Criteria Rules - Must Have:
a.Evidence of Previous GABH-Strep (Strep. Pyogenes) Infection b.(2x Major Criteria) OR (1 Major + 2 Minor)
59
(Evidence of Previous Strep Infection):
a.Anti-Streptolysin-O Titre b.Anti-DNaseB Antibodies c.Positive Throat Swab Culture
60
a.Joints (Migratory Polyarthritis ʹ Not necessarily arthralgia) b.Carditis (Incl. Pericarditis - Friction Rub, Quiet Heart Sounds, Tachy) c.Nodules (Subcutaneous, painless, on extensor surfaces) d.Erythema Marginatum (Non-Pruritic, Tinea-like Rings on Trunk & Limbs) Sydenham’s Chorea (Rapid, Involuntary Movements)
(Major Criteria) – the JONES Criteria
61
-(Fever) -(Arthralgia) -(Elevated ESR) -(Prolonged PR-Segment)
(Minor Criteria)
62
also called a defect, refers to one or more problems with the heart structure that are present at birth.
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
63
where problems with the heart mean there isn't enough oxygen present in the blood. Babies born with cyanotic heart disease generally have a blue-coloured tinge to areas such as their fingers, toes and lips because of a lack of oxygen. They may also experience symptoms of: breathlessness. chest pain.
Cyanotic
64
where the blood contains enough oxygen but it's pumped abnormally around the body. Babies born with acyanotic heart disease may not have any apparent symptoms but, over time, the condition can cause health problems.
Acyanotic
65
yellow color reflects
i. oxidized lipids ii. presence of ‘foam cells
66
Rupture of Artery/Arterioles in brain
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
67
hardening of kidney blood vessels
Nephrosclerosis

patho finals (5 decks)

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