Mod 4 - Disease And Conditions Of Endocrine System Flashcards
Endocrine System
System of glands that secrete hormones that regulate HOMEOSTASIS with a slow response and long duration
Hormone
Chemical messenger that is either an amino acid (protein)
Or steroid
Tropic hormone
Hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones (-tropin)
Endocrine Disease
Abnormal increase or decrease in the secretion of hormones
Pituitary gland role
Master gland of the endocrine system
- Subdivided into anterior and posterior
Anterior Pituitary (6)
- Growth Hormone (GH) - tissue growth
- Thyrotropin (TSH) > thyroid glands
- Corticotropin (ACTH) > adrenal gland
- Gonadotrophin’s (FSH&LH) > ovaries & testes
- Prolactin - breast development
- Melanocyte-Stimulating hormone (MSH) skin pigmentation
Posterior Pituitary (2)
- Vasopressin (ADH) - kidney water reabsorption
- Oxytocin - lactation, uterine contraction
What are the Thyroid and Parathyroid responsible for?
Metabolism
Thyroid (3)
- Triiodothyronine (T3) - cellular metabolism
- Thyroxine (T4) - cellular metabolism
- Calcitonin - calcium retention (blood to bone)
Parathyroid (1)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - calcium metabolism (bone to bone)
Adrenal Gland - 2 divisions
Adrenal Cortex (superficial part of gland) Adrenal Medulla (deep part of gland)
Adrenal Cortex (3)
- Mineralocorticoids (MC) - sodium retention
- Glucocorticoid (GS) - metabolism of carbs, proteins, fats
(Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone) - Gonadocorticoids - secondary sex characteristics, masculinization (androgens, estrogens, progestin)
Adrenal Medulla
Catecholamines - fight or flight
Increased BP, HR, and BGL; dilate bronchioles (epinephrine & norephinephrine)
Pancreas
Insulin - converts glucose to glycogen (storage)
Glucagon - converts glycogen to glucose
Ovaries
Estrogen - female secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone - prepares for pregnancy
Testes
Testosterone - male secondary sex characteristic, erection
Thymus
Thymosin - development of immune cells
Pineal Gland
Melatonin - sleep cycle
HyperPITUITARism
Increased secretion of Pituitary hormones
- Gigantism - pre-puberty excess in hGH, Overall growth of all bones
- Acromegaly - post-puberty excess in hGH, Overall growth of bones of face, hands, feet, and soft tissue
HypoPITUITARism
Decrease secretion of Pituitary hormones
Dwarfism
Diabetes Insipidus
Decreased secretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone (ADH)), resulting in:
- Polyuria (excessive urination)
- Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
- fatigue and dehydration
Thyroid Gland Disease
Goiter
Enlargement of Thyroid - causes dyspnea or trouble swallowing
cause - decreased iodine from diet, causes overproduction of T3, T4, TSH from ant. Pituitary
Prevention - iodized salt
Hyperthyroidism
Increased secretion of thyroid hormones
Graves’ disease
Hyperthyroidism*
S/S - rapid HB, nervousness, excitability, insomnia, excessive appetite, weight loss despite excessive food consumption, profuse perspiration, excessive thirst, nausea, vomiting, muscular weakness
- Exophthalmos (outward protrusion) of eyes
- Unknown cause, possibly autoimmune disorder
Hypothyroidism
Decreased secretion of thyroid hormones
Cretinism
Hypothyroidism developed in early childhood..
S/S - mental/growth retardation, dwarf, stocky, short forehead, broad nose, wide set eyes, expressionless face, dry skin
- lack of muscle tone, inability to walk or stand
Myxedema
Hypothyroidism developed in adulthood
- dry skin, puffy face muscular weakness, fatigue, weight gain, loss of hair, constipation, cold intolerance
Types of Thyroid cancer (4)
Papillary Follicular Medullary Anaplastic - survival of months after diagnosis Overall 5 year survival rate 95%
Hyperparathyroidism
Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone
- muscle weakness, atrophy, stomach pain, arthritis-type pain, nausea, vomiting, bone tenderness, bone fracturing
Hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Release of calcium from bone into blood stream
Hyperexcitable nervous system
Overstimulation of skeletal muscles,
Numbness and tingling of fingertips, toes, ears, and nose; muscular spasms
Hypoparathyroidism
Decreases secretion of parathyroid hormone
Emotional changes, confusion, irritability, arrhythmia, respiratory paralysis, and death
Adrenal Gland Diseases
2
Crushing Syndrome
&
Addison Disease
Crushing Syndrome
Adrenal Gland disease
- Chronic Hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
- Fatigue, muscle weakness, changes in body appearance, fat deposits in the scapular area (buffalo humps), Salt and water retention, moon face, hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, arteriosclerosis, psychiatric problems, bruises easily, stretch marks, excessive hair growth, amenorrhea, and impotence
Addison disease
Hypo-secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex
- Fatigue, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, gastrointestinal disturbances, bronze skin color, irregular pulse, reduce cardiac output, Orthostatic hypotension, depression, anxiety, emotional distress, inability to retain water and salt, dehydration, hyperkalemia, and electrolyte imbalance
Pancreatic diseases
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Hyperglycemia
- Hypoglycemia
Diabetes Mellitus
Pancreatic disease
- Metabolic disorder that can cause; hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, neuropathy, atherosclerosis, retinopathy, renal failure, meta-cardio infarction, and CVA (Cardiovascular accident)
Insulin
Transports glucose into cells for use as energy and storage as glycogen
Type 1 Diabetes
Aka Juvenile Onset Diabetes or Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
- caused by inadequate production of insulin by the pancreas
Type II Diabetes
Adult onset diabetes or NON-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
- faulty utilization of insulin by the cells
- Risk Factors/ genetic susceptibility, obesity, gestational diabetes, > 45 y/o
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Or
Type III
During pregnancy, goes away 6 weeks after birth
Found in urine test (24-28 weeks)
Higher risk of c-section (large birth weight) & hypoglycemia
*30-40% of women with GDM developed Type II within 5-10 yrs
Hyperglycemia
Increased BGL
Caused by body not being able to use insulin or insulin availability
S/S - polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (excessive hunger), polydipsia (excessive thirst), weight loss, and fatigue, blurry vision, dry skin, slow healing wounds
Ketones (ketosis) VS. Ketonuria (acidosis)
- normal response to a shortage of glucose in the body
Ketones (ketosis) - metabolic state, body is metabolizing fat at a high rate and converting fatty acids into ketones
Ketonuria (acidosis) - when body produces excess ketones, mostly seen in Type I
Treatment for Type I Diabetes
Insulin injection
Treatment for Type II
Diet
Exercise
Hypoglycemic meds
Hypoglycemia
Decreased in normal BGL
Caused - insulin overdose, failure to eat, or excessive exercise
S/S - sweating, nervousness, weakness, hunger, dizziness, trembling, headache, and palpitations (irregular HB)
Treatment for Hypoglycemia
Hard candy or Sugar
Seborrheic Dermatitis (Cradle Cap in infants)
Inflammatory condition of the sebaceous glands
(occurs on scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, sides of nose, and middle chest)
- Reddened skin with yellowish, greasy scales
Contact dermatitis
Acute inflammation of the skin due to
- Irritation (poison ivy),
- Sensitization (latex allergy),
- Photoallergy (Tetracycline-Antibiotics)
Atopic dermatitis
Eczema - typically inherited, history of allergies
Children - rash, vesicular and educative eruptions
Adult- rash with dry, leathery vesicles
*Pruritus (itching) may lead to 2ndary bacteria or viral infection
Urticaria
Hives
- Severe itching, then redness and area of swelling (wheal)
- Allergic reaction to food, drugs, or insect stings
Psoriasis
Thick, flaky, red patches with white, silver scales found on scalp, elbows, knees, trunk, and soles
- Caused by rapid growth of skin cells
- No Cure
Rosacea
Persistent redness in areas were blushing occurs on the face
Acne vulgaris
Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles common in adolescence due to hormone changes
Herpes zoster
Shingles
Inflammatory irruption due to reactivation of chickenpox virus which remain dormant in the dorsal root ganglia
- reddened, blistered vesicles, develop a crust, and then develop a scab
Impetigo
HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS skin infection caused by streptococcus
- Lesions that rupture and form thick yellow crust
Cellulitis
Diffuse, bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by streptococcus
- Erythema, putting Adema, tender, hot, red lines, or streaks
- often in lower extremities
Dermatophytoses
Tinea - Chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin
- Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s foot) - between toes and soles of feet
- Tinea Cruris (Jock Itch) - groin area
Decubitus Ulcers
Pressure (Bed) Sores
Stage I - skin intact, but visible redness
Stage II - epidermis and/or dermis damage
Stage III - subcutaneous tissue damage
Stage IV - muscle and/or bone damage
Scabies and Pediculosis
Itch Mites & Lice
Highly contagious, infestation of parasites with sucking mouth to feed on human blood, intense pruritus (itching) sensation
Lay eggs on body hair and clothing
Benign Growths (3)
Seborrheic Keratosis
- originates in epidermis, tan-brown color, greasy papules (tender bump), or plaques
Keloid Scars
- overgrowth of scar tissue that extend beyond the women’s side more common in black skin people
Hypertrophic Scars
- over rows of scar tissue that remains confined to the wound site
Pre-malignant growth
Actinic keratoses
- Lesion on some exposed area of the body
- rough, vascular skin with the yellow, adherent crust
Malignant Growths
Non-Melanoma skin cancer
- usually non-metastatic (stays in place of origin)
- Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) - most common cancer worldwide
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
- 95% due to chronic overexposure to the sun
- overall 5 year survival of all stages of melanoma is 89%
ABCD of Malignant Melanoma
A - Asymmetry
B - Border (irregular)
C - Color (uneven)
D - Diameter (larger than 6 mm)
Abnormal skin pigmentations (4)
Albinism - melanocytes unable to produce melanin
Vitiligo - pale irregular patches
Hemangioma
Nevis - cluster of moles (melanocytes)
Alopecia
Baldness
Caused by chemo, medications, systemic diseases, aging, and maternal hereditary
Corns and Calluses
Hyperplastic area of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis
Corns - small classic horror, more painful, develop on the toes
Calluses - large less painful, develop on ball of the foot or palms of the hand
Verrucae (Warts)
CONTAGIOUS THROUGH CONTACT
small, hard, white or pink lump with the cauliflower-like service
