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Patho 135 > Mod 4 - Disease And Conditions Of Endocrine System > Flashcards

Mod 4 - Disease And Conditions Of Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System

A

System of glands that secrete hormones that regulate HOMEOSTASIS with a slow response and long duration

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2
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messenger that is either an amino acid (protein)

Or steroid

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3
Q

Tropic hormone

A

Hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones (-tropin)

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4
Q

Endocrine Disease

A

Abnormal increase or decrease in the secretion of hormones

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5
Q

Pituitary gland role

A

Master gland of the endocrine system

- Subdivided into anterior and posterior

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6
Q

Anterior Pituitary (6)

A
  • Growth Hormone (GH) - tissue growth
  • Thyrotropin (TSH) > thyroid glands
  • Corticotropin (ACTH) > adrenal gland
  • Gonadotrophin’s (FSH&LH) > ovaries & testes
  • Prolactin - breast development
  • Melanocyte-Stimulating hormone (MSH) skin pigmentation
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7
Q

Posterior Pituitary (2)

A
  • Vasopressin (ADH) - kidney water reabsorption

- Oxytocin - lactation, uterine contraction

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8
Q

What are the Thyroid and Parathyroid responsible for?

A

Metabolism

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9
Q

Thyroid (3)

A
  • Triiodothyronine (T3) - cellular metabolism
  • Thyroxine (T4) - cellular metabolism
  • Calcitonin - calcium retention (blood to bone)
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10
Q

Parathyroid (1)

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - calcium metabolism (bone to bone)

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11
Q

Adrenal Gland - 2 divisions

A 
Adrenal Cortex (superficial part of gland)
Adrenal Medulla (deep part of gland)
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12
Q

Adrenal Cortex (3)

A
  • Mineralocorticoids (MC) - sodium retention
  • Glucocorticoid (GS) - metabolism of carbs, proteins, fats
    (Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone)
  • Gonadocorticoids - secondary sex characteristics, masculinization (androgens, estrogens, progestin)
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13
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Catecholamines - fight or flight

Increased BP, HR, and BGL; dilate bronchioles (epinephrine & norephinephrine)

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14
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin - converts glucose to glycogen (storage)

Glucagon - converts glycogen to glucose

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15
Q

Ovaries

A

Estrogen - female secondary sex characteristics

Progesterone - prepares for pregnancy

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16
Q

Testes

A

Testosterone - male secondary sex characteristic, erection

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17
Q

Thymus

A

Thymosin - development of immune cells

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18
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Melatonin - sleep cycle

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19
Q

HyperPITUITARism

A

Increased secretion of Pituitary hormones

  • Gigantism - pre-puberty excess in hGH, Overall growth of all bones
  • Acromegaly - post-puberty excess in hGH, Overall growth of bones of face, hands, feet, and soft tissue
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20
Q

HypoPITUITARism

A

Decrease secretion of Pituitary hormones

Dwarfism

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21
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Decreased secretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone (ADH)), resulting in:

  • Polyuria (excessive urination)
  • Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
  • fatigue and dehydration
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22
Q

Thyroid Gland Disease

Goiter

A

Enlargement of Thyroid - causes dyspnea or trouble swallowing

cause - decreased iodine from diet, causes overproduction of T3, T4, TSH from ant. Pituitary

Prevention - iodized salt

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23
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Increased secretion of thyroid hormones

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24
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Hyperthyroidism*
S/S - rapid HB, nervousness, excitability, insomnia, excessive appetite, weight loss despite excessive food consumption, profuse perspiration, excessive thirst, nausea, vomiting, muscular weakness
- Exophthalmos (outward protrusion) of eyes
- Unknown cause, possibly autoimmune disorder

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25
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Decreased secretion of thyroid hormones

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26
Q

Cretinism

A

Hypothyroidism developed in early childhood..
S/S - mental/growth retardation, dwarf, stocky, short forehead, broad nose, wide set eyes, expressionless face, dry skin
- lack of muscle tone, inability to walk or stand

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27
Q

Myxedema

A

Hypothyroidism developed in adulthood

- dry skin, puffy face muscular weakness, fatigue, weight gain, loss of hair, constipation, cold intolerance

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28
Q

Types of Thyroid cancer (4)

A 
Papillary
Follicular
Medullary
Anaplastic - survival of months after diagnosis
Overall 5 year survival rate 95%
29
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone

- muscle weakness, atrophy, stomach pain, arthritis-type pain, nausea, vomiting, bone tenderness, bone fracturing

30
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism

Release of calcium from bone into blood stream

31
Q

Hyperexcitable nervous system

A

Overstimulation of skeletal muscles,

Numbness and tingling of fingertips, toes, ears, and nose; muscular spasms

32
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Decreases secretion of parathyroid hormone

Emotional changes, confusion, irritability, arrhythmia, respiratory paralysis, and death

33
Q

Adrenal Gland Diseases

2

A

Crushing Syndrome
&
Addison Disease

34
Q

Crushing Syndrome

A

Adrenal Gland disease

  • Chronic Hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
  • Fatigue, muscle weakness, changes in body appearance, fat deposits in the scapular area (buffalo humps), Salt and water retention, moon face, hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, arteriosclerosis, psychiatric problems, bruises easily, stretch marks, excessive hair growth, amenorrhea, and impotence
35
Q

Addison disease

A

Hypo-secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex

  • Fatigue, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, gastrointestinal disturbances, bronze skin color, irregular pulse, reduce cardiac output, Orthostatic hypotension, depression, anxiety, emotional distress, inability to retain water and salt, dehydration, hyperkalemia, and electrolyte imbalance
36
Q

Pancreatic diseases

A
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Hypoglycemia
37
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Pancreatic disease
- Metabolic disorder that can cause; hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, neuropathy, atherosclerosis, retinopathy, renal failure, meta-cardio infarction, and CVA (Cardiovascular accident)

38
Q

Insulin

A

Transports glucose into cells for use as energy and storage as glycogen

39
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Aka Juvenile Onset Diabetes or Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)

  • caused by inadequate production of insulin by the pancreas
40
Q

Type II Diabetes

A

Adult onset diabetes or NON-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

  • faulty utilization of insulin by the cells
  • Risk Factors/ genetic susceptibility, obesity, gestational diabetes, > 45 y/o
41
Q

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Or
Type III

A

During pregnancy, goes away 6 weeks after birth
Found in urine test (24-28 weeks)
Higher risk of c-section (large birth weight) & hypoglycemia

*30-40% of women with GDM developed Type II within 5-10 yrs

42
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Increased BGL
Caused by body not being able to use insulin or insulin availability
S/S - polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (excessive hunger), polydipsia (excessive thirst), weight loss, and fatigue, blurry vision, dry skin, slow healing wounds

43
Q

Ketones (ketosis) VS. Ketonuria (acidosis)

A
  • normal response to a shortage of glucose in the body

Ketones (ketosis) - metabolic state, body is metabolizing fat at a high rate and converting fatty acids into ketones

Ketonuria (acidosis) - when body produces excess ketones, mostly seen in Type I

44
Q

Treatment for Type I Diabetes

A

Insulin injection

45
Q

Treatment for Type II

A

Diet
Exercise
Hypoglycemic meds

46
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Decreased in normal BGL

Caused - insulin overdose, failure to eat, or excessive exercise
S/S - sweating, nervousness, weakness, hunger, dizziness, trembling, headache, and palpitations (irregular HB)

47
Q

Treatment for Hypoglycemia

A

Hard candy or Sugar

48
Q

Seborrheic Dermatitis (Cradle Cap in infants)

A

Inflammatory condition of the sebaceous glands
(occurs on scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, sides of nose, and middle chest)

  • Reddened skin with yellowish, greasy scales
49
Q

Contact dermatitis

A

Acute inflammation of the skin due to

  • Irritation (poison ivy),
  • Sensitization (latex allergy),
  • Photoallergy (Tetracycline-Antibiotics)
50
Q

Atopic dermatitis

A

Eczema - typically inherited, history of allergies
Children - rash, vesicular and educative eruptions
Adult- rash with dry, leathery vesicles

*Pruritus (itching) may lead to 2ndary bacteria or viral infection

51
Q

Urticaria

A

Hives

  • Severe itching, then redness and area of swelling (wheal)
  • Allergic reaction to food, drugs, or insect stings
52
Q

Psoriasis

A

Thick, flaky, red patches with white, silver scales found on scalp, elbows, knees, trunk, and soles
- Caused by rapid growth of skin cells

  • No Cure
53
Q

Rosacea

A

Persistent redness in areas were blushing occurs on the face

54
Q

Acne vulgaris

A

Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles common in adolescence due to hormone changes

55
Q

Herpes zoster

A

Shingles

Inflammatory irruption due to reactivation of chickenpox virus which remain dormant in the dorsal root ganglia
- reddened, blistered vesicles, develop a crust, and then develop a scab

56
Q

Impetigo

A

HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS skin infection caused by streptococcus

  • Lesions that rupture and form thick yellow crust
57
Q

Cellulitis

A

Diffuse, bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by streptococcus

  • Erythema, putting Adema, tender, hot, red lines, or streaks
  • often in lower extremities
58
Q

Dermatophytoses

A

Tinea - Chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin
- Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s foot) - between toes and soles of feet

  • Tinea Cruris (Jock Itch) - groin area
59
Q

Decubitus Ulcers

A

Pressure (Bed) Sores

Stage I - skin intact, but visible redness
Stage II - epidermis and/or dermis damage
Stage III - subcutaneous tissue damage
Stage IV - muscle and/or bone damage

60
Q

Scabies and Pediculosis

A

Itch Mites & Lice

Highly contagious, infestation of parasites with sucking mouth to feed on human blood, intense pruritus (itching) sensation

Lay eggs on body hair and clothing

61
Q

Benign Growths (3)

A

Seborrheic Keratosis
- originates in epidermis, tan-brown color, greasy papules (tender bump), or plaques

Keloid Scars
- overgrowth of scar tissue that extend beyond the women’s side more common in black skin people

Hypertrophic Scars
- over rows of scar tissue that remains confined to the wound site

62
Q

Pre-malignant growth

A

Actinic keratoses

  • Lesion on some exposed area of the body
  • rough, vascular skin with the yellow, adherent crust
63
Q

Malignant Growths

A

Non-Melanoma skin cancer

  • usually non-metastatic (stays in place of origin)
  • Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) - most common cancer worldwide
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Malignant Melanoma

  • 95% due to chronic overexposure to the sun
  • overall 5 year survival of all stages of melanoma is 89%
64
Q

ABCD of Malignant Melanoma

A

A - Asymmetry
B - Border (irregular)
C - Color (uneven)
D - Diameter (larger than 6 mm)

65
Q

Abnormal skin pigmentations (4)

A

Albinism - melanocytes unable to produce melanin
Vitiligo - pale irregular patches
Hemangioma
Nevis - cluster of moles (melanocytes)

66
Q

Alopecia

A

Baldness

Caused by chemo, medications, systemic diseases, aging, and maternal hereditary

67
Q

Corns and Calluses

A

Hyperplastic area of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis

Corns - small classic horror, more painful, develop on the toes

Calluses - large less painful, develop on ball of the foot or palms of the hand

68
Q

Verrucae (Warts)

A

CONTAGIOUS THROUGH CONTACT

small, hard, white or pink lump with the cauliflower-like service

Patho 135 (3 decks)

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