Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho 135 > Exam 1 Study Guide - Mod 1,3,4,6 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide - Mod 1,3,4,6 Flashcards

1
Q

(Immunologic Disease and conditions)

Allergen

A

Substance responsible for producing an allergic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

(Immunologic Disease and conditions)

Phagocytosis

A

When cells surround and digest certain particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

(Immunologic Disease and conditions)

Apoptosis

A

Pattern of cell death affecting single cells

Programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(Immunologic Disease and conditions)

Allografts

A

Graft of tissue, between genetically different individuals, same species only
(Organ donation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Predisposing (Risk) Factors

HELGA - 5

A
  • Heredity
  • Environment (skin exposure, radiation)
  • Lifestyle (diet,habits(smoking alcohol), exercise)
  • Gender
  • Age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

(Genetic Disease)

Autosomal Dominant

A

1 chromosome in pair is defective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(Genetic Disease)

Autosomal Recessive

A

BOTH chromosomes are defective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(Genetic Disease)

X-linked (sex linked) recessive

A

X chromosome is defective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(Genetic Disease)
-X-linked (sex-linked) recessive-

If Female child (XX)…

A

Mom AND Dad both would have a defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(Genetic Disease)
- X-linked (sex-linked) recessive -

If male child (XY)…

A

Mother would have the defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(Genetic Disease)

Carriers..

A

Individuals with 1 copy of a defective recessive gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Infection - Signs

Local..

A
  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Loss of function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Infections - Signs

Systemic

A
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Body ache
  • Weakness
  • Fatigue
  • Loss of appetite
  • Delirium
  • Increased WBC
  • Increased ESR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cell (WBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell (RBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Modes of Transmission (4)

A
  • Physical contact (direct or indirect)
  • Inhalation or droplet nuclei
  • Ingestion of contaminated food or water
  • Inoculation by insect or animal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Body’s natural defense system against infection

3

A
  • Barriers (skin, mucous membranes, cilia, body pH)
  • Inflammatory Response
  • Immune Response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

General Cancer Types

5

A
  • Carcinoma (epithelial cells)
  • Sarcoma (supportive tissue, bone and muscle)
  • Lymphoma (lymph nodes and immune system)
  • Leukemia (blood cell precursor)
  • Melanoma (Melanin-producing cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q 
Benign tumor (neoplasms) 
5 properties
A
  • Slow growth
  • Remain incapsulated
  • Resemble original tissue
  • DO NOT invade surrounding tissue
  • Compress surrounding tissue, obstruct organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q 
Malignant tumor (neoplasm) 
4 properties
A
  • Rapid growth
  • Bleed, ulcerated, become infected
  • Does not resemble original tissue (poor differentiated)
  • Invade surrounding tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread of tumor to distant site in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Staging of Cancer

TNM

A

T - size of tumor
N - extent of lymph node involvement
M - # of metastasis

23
Q

How many stages of cancer are there?

How do you determine a stage number?

A
  • 4, I II III IV
  • Combine T,N, and M to determine a stage numb
    Ex. Stage I, early stage, better prognosis
    Stage IV, late stage, poorer prognosis
24
Q

Description of Pain

Dull and aching

A

Musculoskeletal

25
Q

Description of Pain

Sharp, shooting, burning

A

Peripheral Nerve

26
Q

Description of Pain

Cramping

A

Abdominal / Visceral

27
Q

Description of Pain

Throbbing

A

Head

28
Q

Description of Pain

Burning

A

Thermal

29
Q

What is Referred Pain?

A

Pain projected to a different area if neurons from the area of insult travel in a parallel pathway

30
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Complex response to invasion of the body by foreign substances

31
Q

What is Innate Immunity?

3 properties

A
  • nonspecific attach on foreign organism
  • Natural Killer Cells - secrete toxins to kill viruses and and tumors
  • Macrophages - phagocytosis of viruses and bacteria
  • Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils - phagocytes of bacteria
32
Q

What are acquired Immunity cells?

A

Specific attach of foreign organism

  • Cytotoxic T cells(kills viruses, tumors and allographs)
  • Helper T Cells (activate B, cytotoxic, and macrophages)
  • Suppressor T Cells (inhibit B and T cells)
  • Memory T Cells (remains dominate until reactivated by antigen
  • B Cells (coated with immunoglobulins (bind to pathogen causing inactivation or simulating phagocytes))
33
Q

Types of Acquired Immunity

A

Active Immunity & Passive Immunity

34
Q

Properties of Active Immunity

A
  • Contract disease or Receive vaccination, produce Memory T Cells
35
Q

Properties of Passive Immunity Cells

A
  • Maternal antibodies through placenta or breast milk

- Antiserum with antibodies from another host

36
Q

Immune Disorders (4 types)

A
  • Allergy
  • Immunodeficiency Disorder
  • Autoimmune Disease (self-destructive response of body’s defense)
  • Transplant Rejection
37
Q

AIDS?

  • How is it transmitted?
  • Signs/Symptoms?
  • Treatment?
A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- unprotected sex, blood and blood products, puncture of contaminated needle, Placenta birthing process or breast milk

  • sore throat, fever, body aches within 1-2 weeks after exposure
  • creates destruction of the immune system resulting in death
  • treated with HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)
38
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

Decreased # of erythrocytes (RBC) due to destruction by antibodies resulting in fatigue, chills, fever, dyspnea, and jaundice

39
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Decreased gastric production of hydrochloric acid > impaired B12 absorption

  • treated with monthly B12 injections
40
Q

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) or

Thrombocytopenia

A

Inability for blood to clot, decreased # of platelets

In children, may appear as multiple bruises

41
Q

Neutropenia

A

Decreased # of neutrophils

42
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
or
Lupus

A

Autoimmune disorder, typically occurs in women 30-40 yr

Symptoms - fever, joint pain, malaise, and weight loss

Diagnosed by - butterfly rash, pleural effusions, heart problems, lupus nephritis (kidney’s), arthritis, Raynaud’s phenomenon (white fingers)

43
Q

Scleroderma
Or
Sclerosis

A

Sclerosis (hardening) and shrinking of the skin and certain internal organs - gastrointestinal track, heart, lungs, & kidneys

Symptoms - skin may appear taut, firm, tough, leathery, edematous and pigmented

44
Q

Sjogren syndrome

A

Inflammation of various glands

Symptoms - dryness of eyes and mouth (causes difficulty talking, chewing, and swallowing)

45
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

Inflammation and edema of synovial membranes surrounding the joint - destroys cartilage, deforms joints, and destroys adjacent bone
Common in MCP joint, wrist (ulnar drift), knees, ankles, toes

  • symptoms - edema, pain, tenderness, erythema and warmth
46
Q

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)

Children < 16 y/o

A

Inflammation around joints may damage epiphyseal plates
Effects neck, elbows, knees, and ankles
Remission occurs in approx. 75% of affective children by puberty

47
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

Progressive inflammatory disease affecting the spinal column and occasionally large peripheral joints - vertebrae become fused, inflexible and rigid

  • morning power back pain
  • look for forward flexed posture with limited spinal ROM
48
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

Inflammatory disease resulting in demyelination and scarring (sclerosis) of the nerves in the brain and spinal cord

  • Caucasian 20-40 y/o female > male
  • unsteady gait, speech problems, extremity weakness, vertigo, facial numbness, dysphasia, hearing loss, impotence in men, fatigue
49
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Extreme muscular weakness (without atrophy) and progressive fatigue - autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptor at neuromuscular junction

  • dropping eyelids, difficulty talking chewing and swallowing, eventual paralysis, weakness late in the day that gets better with short periods of rest
  • “Sleepy” from Snow White, based on one of Walt Disney who had MG
50
Q

Vasculitis

A 
Inflammation in the walls of blood vessels
Small vessel (affects capillaries arterioles and venules, edema, ulcerations, nonblanching) and Systemic Necrotizing (affects large arteries, headaches, fever, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, muscle/joint pain, angina, hypertension, ischemic pain, ulceration, and paralysis of affected nerve
51
Q

Purpose of integumentary system (5)

A
  • protection
  • absorb Vitamin D
  • sensory
  • regulate body temp
  • excretion through sweat
52
Q

Layers of the skin (3)

A
  • Epidermis - thin outer layer - produces keratin and melanin
  • Dermis - dense, fibrous, for elasticity - blood, nerves, hair follicles, sweat, and sebaceous (sweat) glands
  • Subcutaneous - thick, fat- containing - regulates temperature
53
Q

Integumentary system - Pathological Symptoms (6)

A
  • Cutaneous lesions or eruptions
  • Pruritus (itching)
  • Pain
  • Edema (swelling)
  • Erythema (redness)
  • inflammation

Patho 135 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions