mod 4

Question 1

Medulla oblongata

Answer 1

Respiration
Heartbeat
Blood flow
Muscle tone
Reflexes

Question 2

Pons

Answer 2

Respiration aspects of sleeping
Waking and dreaming

Question 3

Cerebellum

Answer 3

• Coordination of smooth movement - fine muscle movements
• Balance
• Learning sensory information and motor outputs

Question 4

Reticular formation

Answer 4

Maintaining consciousness
Regulating arousal levels
Modulating activity

Question 5

Tecum

Answer 5

processing visual via the superior colliculus and auditory for the inferior colliculus stimuli allows us to orient to our surroundings with our eyes or body movements

Question 6

Tegmentum

Answer 6

movement and arousal and it plays a really important role in learning to produce behaviours that minimize unpleasant and maximise pleasant consequences

Question 7

Hypothalamus

Answer 7

Eating
Sleeping
Sexual activity
Emotions

Question 8

Thalamus

Answer 8

Processing and transferring information

Question 9

Basal ganglia

Answer 9

Movement control
‘automatic responses’

Question 10

Limbic system

Answer 10

Pleasure
Fear

Question 11

The limbic system: septal area

Answer 11

Pleasure
Relief from pain
Emotionally significant learning

Question 12

The limbic system: amygdala

Answer 12

Learning
Memory of emotional events
Recognition of fear

Question 13

The limbic system: hippocampus

Answer 13

Storage of new memories

Question 14

3 main functions of cerebral cortex

Answer 14

1. The cortex is involved in sequence involuntary movements such as playing music
2. Allows us to make subtle discriminations from different perceptual information
3. Allows for symbolic thought to represent objects or concepts

Question 15

Frontal lobe

Answer 15

Movement
Social skills
Some aspects of personality

Question 16

R + L hemispheres of frontal lobes

Answer 16

Deal with social and e,optional motor and sexual behaviour. As well as problem solving

Question 17

Left frontal lobe

Answer 17

Language abilities
- positive emotions

Question 18

Right frontal lobe

Answer 18

More concerned with non-verbal aspects of communications and emotions like fear, anger and sadness
- being aware of someone’s emotions by facial expressions
- picking up on auditory signals like someone’s tone of voice

Question 19

Parietal lobe

Answer 19

Can be divided into two areas:
1. Involved in sensation and perception
- Integrates sensory information to form a single perception cognition

2. Integrating sensory input primarily with the visual system
   - Constructs a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us

Question 20

Somatosensory cortex

Answer 20

The primary area in the parietal lobe is the somatosensory cortex which is
responsible for processing somatic sensation(touch, temp, pain…)

These sensations arrive from receptors position throughout the body that are
responsible for detecting touch property exception, which is the position of the
body in space, known susceptible in any pain and temperature

When such receptors detect one of these sensations, that information is sent to
the thalamus and then to the primary somatosensory cortex

Question 21

Temporal lobe

Answer 21

Specialised in hearing and language

Primary cortex of the temporal lobe receives sensory information from the ears,
whereas the association cortex arranges this information into meaningful speech

Wernicke’s area – in the left hemisphere which has been identified as being crucial
for language comprehension

Question 22

Temporal lobe
Primary and association cortex

Answer 22

Primary cortex receives sensory information

Association cortex arranges that into speech

Question 23

Occipital lobe

Answer 23

Specialised for vision

Question 24

Left brain functions

Answer 24

Speech
Reading
Arithmetic
Visual memory
Language
Sounds
Complex movement
Right side of body motor movements

Question 25

Right brain functions

Answer 25

Emotional content
Direction, distance
Nonverbal memory
Faces, patterns
Music, non-language sounds Movement in spatial patterns
Left side of body motor movements

Question 26

(TBI) traumatic brain injury

Answer 26

alteration to brain functioning caused by external force. This external force can result in either a closed injury (non-penetrating) or open (penetrating)

TBI can occur as a result of falls, vehicular accidents, sport injuries and assaults, etc

Question 27

(NTBI) non-traumatic brain injury

Answer 27

referred to as an acquired injury, causes damage to the brain by internal factors, such as oxygen deprivation or toxins or pressure resulting from a tumour

NTBI can occur as a result of strokes, aneurysm, infectious diseases (such as
meningitis), lack of oxygen (e.g. during a heart attack) and tumour, etc

Question 28

TBI - closed brain injury

Answer 28

Can cause large areas of damage due to bruising, bleeding, sheering of nerve fibres and swelling
- Coup injury – damage caused by impact
• Coup injury is associated with a moving object impacting the stationary hit
- Countercoup injury – damage caused by the movement of the head after impact
• Countercoup brain injuries occur at sites remote to the actual impact site of the head, so often opposite to the actual site of the impact to the head
• Countercoup injuries classically occur when the moving hit our brain essentially strikes a stationary object

Question 29

TBI - open brain injury

Answer 29

Railway worker had a metal spike go through the front of his skull. Destroyed much of his brains left frontal lobe and resulted in significant changes to personality and behaviour (became an alcoholic)

Question 30

Non-traumatic brain injury

Answer 30

The impact of Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) is wide and varied including physical,
cognitive, communicative, psychological and psychosocial difficulties
- One such condition associated with NTBI is locked-in-syndrome:
• Rare neurological disorder characterised by complete paralysis of voluntary muscles, except for those that control the eyes
• People with locked-in syndrome are conscious and can think and reason, but unable to speak or move
• Vertical eye movements and blinking can be used to communicate
- Can be caused by brain stem stroke, traumatic injury, tumour, disease, infection… etc

Question 31

Neuroplasticity

Answer 31

After injury to the brain, there are two mechanisms whereby functional
improvement may occur:
• Recovery = restoration of neural tissue and restoration of prior performance
• Compensation = recruitment of new neural circuits and training of new
movements or activity