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bmsc 207 > mod 3 - NS 1 > Flashcards

mod 3 - NS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system function

A

coordinates voluntary & involuntary actions & transmits signals to & from diff. parts of body

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2
Q

NS has how many parts

A

2 parts -
1. CNS (central nervous system): brain & spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): nervous tissue outside brain & SC

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3
Q

PNS is divided how

A

2 parts -

  1. sensory division (afferent): brings info towards CNS
  2. efferent division of PNS: takes info away from CNS
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4
Q

efferent division of PNS divided how

A
  1. autonomic neurons: visceral, cardiac muscle, etc
    - sympathetic & parasympatheic
  2. somatic motor neurons
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5
Q

3rd branch of PNS

A

enteric nervous system
- can act autonomously or can be controlled by the CNS thru the autonomic division of the PNS
- ex: digestive tract

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6
Q

organization of NS summary

A
  1. CNS: brain & spinal cord
  2. PNS: nerve tissue outside CNS - cranial nerves & branches, spinal nerves & branches, ganglia, plexuses & sensory receptors
    - subdivisions: afferent & efferent

3.? enteric division

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7
Q

afferent division & efferent divisions

A

afferent:
- somatic sensory
- visceral
- special

efferent:
- autonomic: sympathetic & parasympathetic

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8
Q

2 main types of cells in NS

A

neurons & glia

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9
Q

define neurons

A

the basic signaling units of the NS

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10
Q

glia function

A

support & signalling cells

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11
Q

neuron functions

A

carry electrical signals
- communication in body

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12
Q

define soma

A

cell body: control center of neuron
- processes extend outward: dendrites & axons

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13
Q

dendrites function

A

input area of neuron
- receive incoming signals from neighbouring cells
-

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14
Q

axon function

A

output area of neuron
- carry outgoing signals from integrating center to target cells

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15
Q

presynaptic terminals

A

contain transmitting elements (chemical transmitting elements)
- come into close contact with other dendrites

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16
Q

different neuron structures

A
  1. pseudounipolar
  2. bipolar
  3. anaxonic
  4. multipolar
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17
Q

pseudounipolar neuron

A

single process called an axon
- dendrites fused w axon
- most in body
- can get v long

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18
Q

bipolar neuron

A

2 equal fibers that extend off the central cell body

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19
Q

anaxonic CNS

A

interneurons have no apparent axons
- help form networks

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20
Q

multipolar neurons

A
  • interneurons highly branches
  • lack long extensions
  • 5-7 dendrites
  • each dendrite branches 4-6x
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21
Q

interneurons

A

complex branching neurons that facilitate communication between neurons

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22
Q

nerve vs neurons

A

nerve = bundle for neurons (esp. peripheral neurons)

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23
Q

axon are specialized to what

A

specialized to convert electrical & electrical signals that need a variety of different types of proteins

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24
Q

axons lack what

A

axons lack ribosomes & ER needed for protein production
- proteins created in cell body
- then transported down to axon

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25
Q

fast axonal transport

A

membrane bound proteins & organelles (vesicles or mitochondria)
- anterograde: cell body (soma) to axon term., 400 mm/day
- retrograde: axon term. to cell body, 200 mm/day

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26
Q

slow axonal transport

A

moves cytoplasmic proteins (enzymes) & cytoskeleton proteins
- anterograde, 8mm/day
- may be slower due to frequents period of stoppage

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27
Q

motor proteins (fast axonal proteins)

A
  1. kinesin
  2. dynein
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28
Q

kinesin vs dynesin

A

kinesins: anterograde - cell body to periphery

dynesins: retrograde

  • both use atp hydrolysis = drive movement of proteins to “walk” along filaments
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29
Q

kinesins follow what

A

kinesins follow a positive charge located at the presynaptic terminal

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30
Q

dyneins follow what

A

dyneins follow a negative charge at the cell body

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31
Q

kinesin & dynein walk along what

A

walk along microtubule

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32
Q

define synapse

A

point of connection between 2 neurons or between a neuron & another cell type

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33
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space that contains extracellular matrix (proteins & carbs) that hold pre & post synaptic cells close together

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34
Q

2 types of synapses

A
  1. chemical - majority of synapses
  2. electrical
35
Q

electrical synapses contain what & allow for what

A

electrical synapses contain GAP junctions channels & allow for passage of ions
- much faster than chemical
- move directly from 1 cell to another

36
Q

why is chemical synapse slower

A

long process:

  • release of chemical
  • diffuse across
  • create a signal
37
Q

establishing synapses step 1

A

depends on chem. signals
- axons of embryonic nerve cells contains growth cones that sense & grow towards a specific chem. signal

38
Q

establishing synapses step 2

A

growth does depend on growth factors
- molecules in extracellular matrix & membrane proteins

39
Q

establishing synapses step 3

A

once reaches a target cell, a synapse forms
- synapses must be maintains through repeated use (“use it or lose it”)

40
Q

glia to neuron ratio

A

1-4 glia to 1 neuron

41
Q

glia functions

A

communicate w neurons
provide imp. biochemical support

42
Q

CNS glia cells

A
  1. ependymal cells
  2. astrocytes
  3. microglia (modified immune cells)
  4. oligodendrocytes
43
Q

PNS glia cells

A
  1. schwann cells
  2. satellite cells
44
Q

oligodendrocytes (CNS) & schwann cells (PNS) functions

A

myelin forming glia
- substance composed of multiple layers of phospholipid membrane wrapped around an axon

45
Q

oligodendrocytes (cns) VS schwann cells (pns)

A

oligodendrocytes (cns): wraps around axons off multiple neurons up to 50x
- highly branching

schwann cells (pns): 1 cell wraps a segment of 1 neuron

46
Q

myelin functions

A
  • structural stability
  • insulation around axon to speak up electrical signals (saltatory conduction)
  • supply trophic factors
47
Q

demyelination disease

A

multiple sclerosis (MS): demyelination in brain & spinal cord (CNS)
- improper signalling in neurons

48
Q

MS cause/mechanics

A

autoimmune disease
- immune cells attack myelin
- reduced ability of myelin produced cells (oligodendrocytes are reduced)
- genetic & enviro. factors

49
Q

satellite glial cells

A

exist in ganglia (bundles of cell bodies) in PNS
- form a supportive capsule around cell bodies of neurons (sensory & autonomic)

50
Q

astrocytes (CNS)

A

majority of glial cells = highly branched, 20-40% cells in any regions are astrocytes

-star shaped

51
Q

astrocytes form what

A

astrocytes form a functional network
- communities between each other thru calcium waves

52
Q

astrocytes functions

A
  1. take up & release chems. at synapses
  2. provide neurons w substrates for ATP prod. (e.g. capable to storing nitrogen)
  3. help maintain homeostasis in ECF (take up K+ & H2O)
  4. surround vesicle = part of blood brain barrier, influence vascular dynamics
53
Q

if the membrane potential of a cell changes from -70mV to +10mV, the cell is:

A

depolarizing
- membrane pot. becomes more positive = depolarizing

54
Q

define microglia (CNS)

A

specialized immune cells in CNS
- protect & preserve neurons

55
Q

how do microglia work/mechanism

A
  • star shaped cells
  • overlapping network, sit in 1 area
  • feel around for pathogen/damage
  • sense damage & phagocytosis
  • release inflammatory mediators = recruits other microglia
  • when activated, changes shape
56
Q

chronic state of damage & constantly activated microglia

A

microglia that are constantly active can be detrimental
- affects the nearby neurons, damages them —> creates debris, & creates a cycle

ex: alzheimer’s, ALS, neuropathic pain

57
Q

ependymal cells (CNS)

A

line fluid filled a cavities in brain & SC
- help to move & produce cerebrospinal fluid

58
Q

ependymal cells (CNS) functions

A
  1. help circulate cerebral spinal fluid (which fills cavities) & surrounds brain & CS —> cushion
  2. chemical stability
  3. clearing wastes
59
Q

CNS neuron injury

A

CNS repair less likely to occur naturally —> glia seal off & form scar tissues (prevents reformation of synapses)

60
Q

Peripheral neuron injury

A

depends on where the injury is:

  • cell body damage: cell dies
  • axon damage: portion connected to cell body survives (proximal axon), distal portion degenerates (lacks organelles, no proteins from cell body)
61
Q

schwann cells regeneration tube

A
  • schwann cells if not too damaged, begin to divide in distal area —> create glia in regeneration tube
  • sensory neurons (small neurons) - 1mm/day
  • motor neurons (bigger neurons) - 5 mm/day
62
Q

why are neurons & muscle cells “excitable”

A

their ability to propagate electrical signals over long distances in response to a stimulus

63
Q

what created electrical signals

A

ion movements in & out of cell
- change in permeability to ions = alters membrane potential

64
Q

depolarization

A

membrane potential becomes more positive

65
Q

hyperpolarization

A

membrane potential becomes more negative

66
Q

T/F: a significant change in membrane potential indicates a change in concentration gradient

A

F: v few ions need to move to alter membrane potential
- concentration gradient for ions remain pretty constant during changes in membrane potential

67
Q

what changes membrane potential & creates electrical signals

A

gated channels
- opening & closing ion channels in membrane —> alters ion permeability
- new open channels can be added/removed to alter permeability (slow)

68
Q

5 major types of ion channels

A
  1. Na+
  2. K+
  3. Ca2+
  4. Cl-
  5. mono alert cation channels (allows Na+ & K+ to pass)
69
Q

conductance

A

the ease with which an ion can flow through a channel
- varies w the gating state of channel
- channel protein isoform

70
Q

types of gated channels

A
  1. mechanically gated channels
  2. chemically gated ion channels
  3. voltage gated channels
71
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

open in response to physical forces (pressure or stretch)
- found in sensory neurons

72
Q

chemically gated ion channels

A

respond to ligands (extracellular neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, intracellular signalling molecules)
- in neurons

73
Q

voltage gated channels

A

respond to changes in cells membrane potential

74
Q

variation in gated channels

A
  • voltage for channel opening
  • speed @ which channels open or close
  • channels that open during depolarization, close during depolarization
  • some channels spontaneously inactive
75
Q

channelopathies

A

diseases where mutations in dna responsible for creating ion channel
- incorrect amino acid
- disrupt how ions normally flow thru ion channel
- alter channel activation
- alter channel inactivation
ex: cystic fibrosis, muscle disorders etc

76
Q

current

A

flow of electrical charge carried by an ion is the ion’s current

77
Q

current flow follows ?

A

ohms law
- current flow is directly proportional to the electrical potential difference between two points & inversely proportional to resistance

78
Q

2 sources of resistance in a cell

A
  1. membrane resistance (Rm): resistance of phospholipid bilayer
  2. internal resistance of the cytoplasm (Ri): cytoplasmic composition & size of the cell
  • resistance determines how far current will flow in a cell before energy is dissipates
79
Q

2 types of electrical signals

A
  1. graded potentials
  2. action potentials
80
Q

graded potentials

A
  • variable strength signals
  • short distances
  • lose strength as they travel
  • either depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
81
Q

actions potentials

A
  • v brief
  • large depolarizations
  • travel long distances thru a neuron w/o losing strength
  • rapid signals over long distances
82
Q

graded potentials regions

A
  • produced in dendrites, in response to presynaptic neurons (info coming in)
  • travels thru cell body towards axon
  • if depolarization is large enough —> leads to actions potential
83
Q

why are graded potentials considered graded

A

amplitude (size) can change depending on the strength of stimulus & can vary

  • decrease in strength as they spread out from the point of origin
  • generated by chemical gated ion channels or closure of leak channels (CNS & efferent neurons)
84
Q

continue @ 7 mins

A

bmsc 207 (3 decks)

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