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bmsc 207 > mod 1 - intro to physiol. & homeostasis > Flashcards

mod 1 - intro to physiol. & homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

define physiology

A

study of the normal functioning of a living org. & its component parts (including all chem. & phys. processes)
- “knowledge of nature” - aristotle

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2
Q

physiology is a __________ science
- elaborate

A

integrated science
- interdisciplinary

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3
Q

define emergent properties

A

proprieties that exist within complex systems that can’t be explained by knowing each system independently
- e.g.: emotions, intelligence, memory etc

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4
Q

levels of organizations
- smallest to largest

A
  1. molecules
  2. cells
  3. tissue
  4. organ
  5. organ system
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5
Q

how many types of specialized cells & what are they?

A

4 types
- epithelial cells
- connective tissue cells
- neurons
- muscle cells

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6
Q

define tissue

A

collection of cells carrying out related functions
- groups of cells

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7
Q

define organ

A

formation of tissues into a structural & functional unit

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8
Q

how many types of tissue make up an organ?

A

2+ types of tissue

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9
Q

define organ system

A

integrated groups of organs
- made up of multiple types of organs

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10
Q

function is a ________ approach

A

teleological approach (the “why”)
- looking @ the end goal

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11
Q

mechanism is a __________ approach

A

mechanistic approach (the “how”)
- break down process to the basics

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12
Q

physiology focuses on a _________ approach

A

mechanistic approach (the “how”)

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13
Q

define homeostasis

A

ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in spite of exposure to external variability

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14
Q

___________ & _____________ are key principles in physiology

A

homeostasis & regulation of the internal environment

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15
Q

who coined the term homeostasis?

A

walter cannon (1929)

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16
Q

t/f: homeostasis is a static state

A

f: it’s dynamic (variable change)
- ex: blood pressure, body temp, ion/molecule concentration etc

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17
Q

disease typically enters when:

A

homeostasis is disrupted & the body’s homeostasis mechanisms can’t bring the values back to normal
- body enters a “diseased state”

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18
Q

external changes that can lead to a pathophysiological state

A
  • toxic chemicals
  • physical trauma
  • foreign invaders (bact. or viruses)
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19
Q

internal changes that can lead to a pathophysiological state

A
  • abnormal cell growth
  • autoimmune disorders
  • genetic disorders
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20
Q

define pathophysiological state

A

abnormal physiological state
- body is unable to maintain homeostasis

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21
Q

what is considered the internal environment?

A

extracellular fluid (ECF) around cells
- buffer between cells & ext. environ.

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22
Q

internal environ. of the body is a ______________

A

dynamic steady state
- material constantly moving back & forth, between ext. environ., ECF & ICF

23
Q

define law of mass balance

A

the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant - any gain must be offset by an equal loss

24
Q

equation for law of mass balance

A

mass balance = existing body load + intake/metabolic prod. - excretion/metabolic removal

25
Q

T/F: ECF is relatively easy to monitor

A

T: ex. - Plasma

26
Q

the goal of a dynamic steady state is a _______

A

stable disequilibrium
- main the DSS of the body’s compartments

27
Q

how do we maintain homeostasis in the body?

A

control systems

28
Q

define control systems

A

the mechanisms that exist within the human body to maintain homeostasis

29
Q

define dynamic steady state

A

the internal environ. is in a relatively steady state but is dynamic in that materials are constantly moving back & forth between the extracellular & intracellular fluid

30
Q

regulated variables are kept within _________ by _____________

A

regulated variables are kept within a NORMAL RANGE by CONTROL MECHANISMS

31
Q

how many types of control systems are there

A

2 types
- 1. Local
- 2. Reflex

32
Q

4 general parts of a control system (in order)

A
  1. Input signal
  2. Integrating center
  3. Output signal
  4. Response
33
Q

define input signal

A

sense change in a variable from homeostatic state

34
Q

integrating center step

A

signal input change goes to integrating center (takes in/registers change)

35
Q

output signal step

A

integrating center creates an output signal/response

36
Q

response step

A

response created by the output signal, tries to return to the variable to a normal homeostatic state

37
Q

define local control system (& example)

A

within a small area of body
- restricted to tissues or cells involved
- ex: reduced O2 lvls in tissue

38
Q

reflex control system uses ___________

A

long distance signalling
- any long distance pathway that uses the NERVOUS & ENDOCRINE system or both

39
Q

reflex control system can be broken into ____ parts

A

2 parts
- 1. Response loop
- 2. Feedback loop

40
Q

Reflex control system pathway (in order)

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Sensor
  3. Input signal
  4. Integrating center
  5. Output signal
  6. Target
  7. Response
41
Q

feedback loop function

A

modulated response loop
- feeds back to ultimately influence the input

42
Q

how many types of reflex control systems

A

3 types
- 1. Negative feedback
- 2. Positive feedback
- 3. Feedforward control

43
Q

reflex control can be _______

A

antagonistic
- controlled in both directions (ex: body’s dual control of heart rate)

44
Q

define set point

A

ideal value/range of variables for a physiological parameter

45
Q

define negative feedback

A

pathway that opposes/removes the signal (stimulus)
- shuts off response loop

46
Q

negative feedback loop function & example

A

stabilize a system
- HOMEOSTATIC (acts to stabilize a system)
- can restore initial state
- CANNOT PREVENT INITIAL DISTURBANCE
- ex: rising blood glucose lvl

47
Q

define positive feedback loop

A

reinforcer a stimulus to drive the system away from a normal value rather decreasing or removing it

48
Q

positive feedback loop function & example

A

NOT homeostatic
- needs intervention (event outside loop) to cease the response loop
- ex: blood clotting, delivering a baby

49
Q

define feedforward control & example

A

reflexes that allow the body to predict a change is about to occur
- ex: saliva reflex (thought/anticipation of food causes salivation)

50
Q

T/F: setpoints vary from person to person

A

T: setpoint vary from person to person due to genetics, or constant exposure to a new condition

51
Q

define biorhythms & example

A

variables that change predictably & create retreating patterns/cycles of changes
- predictable cyclical changes
- ex: circadian rhythm

52
Q

what is considered the “internal environ.” of the body?

A

extracellular fluid (ECF) - acts as buffer & bathes all cells in body

53
Q

T/F: homeostasis is ONLY maintained in the body using reflex control systems?

A

F: Homeostasis is maintained by both local & reflex control systems

54
Q

a negative feedback loop will:

A

oppose/remove stimulus to return a variable to it’s normal value

bmsc 207 (3 decks)

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