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CHN > Mod 3: epidemiology > Flashcards

Mod 3: epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states of events in specified populations and the application of this study is to the prevention and control of health problems

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

What is the application of epidemiology

A

The prevention and control of health problems

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3
Q

The study utilizes concepts and methods from other fields of study such as biology, sociology, demography and environmental science and statustics

A

Epidemiology

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4
Q

Example of study (4)

A

Surveillance
Observation
Research
Experiments

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5
Q

Examples of distribution (3)

A

Time
Place
Group of people affected

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6
Q

Wha do you call the physical, biological, chemical, economic, genetic, and behavioral factors that affect health

A

Determinants

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7
Q

Examples of health related states/events (4)

A

Disease
Cause of death
Lifestyle
Use of health services

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8
Q

Example of specified population (1)

A

Identifiable characteristics

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9
Q

Goals of the Application to prevention and control (2)

A

Address the aims of public health
To promote, to protect and restore health

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10
Q

Person who studies eppidemiology

A

Epidemiologist

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11
Q

The ongoing systemic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health of health-related data needed for planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practice

A

Public health surveillance

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12
Q

Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance & Response (5)

A

NDRS: Notifiable Disease Reporting System
FHSIS: Field Health Service Information System
NESSS: National Epidemiology Sentinel Surveillance System
HIV - AIDS Registry
EPI: Expanded Program On Immunization Surveillance

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13
Q

What is RA 11332

A

Mandatory Reporting of Notifiable Disease and Health Events in Public Health Concern Act

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14
Q

A law that the Pres. of the Republic of the Philippine shalle declare a state of Public Health Emergency in the event of an epidemic of national and/or international concern which threatens national security in order to mobile governmental and non-governmental agencies to respond to the threat

A

Sec. 7 of RA 11332

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15
Q

the occurrence of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community geographical area or season

A

Disease outbreak

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16
Q

also considered as “unknown disease”

A

disease outbreak

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17
Q

Practical Application of Epidemiology (6)

A
  1. Assessment of the health system of the community
  2. Elucidation of the natural history of disease
  3. Determination of disease causation
  4. Prevention and control of disease
  5. Monitoring and evaluation of health intervention
  6. Provision of evidence for policy formulation
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18
Q

Concepts of epidemiology (4)

A
  1. Multiple causation theory
  2. Natural history of disease
  3. Levels of prevention of health problems
  4. Concept of causality & association
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19
Q

Disease development does not rest on a single cause but rather results from multiple factors.

A

Multiple Causation Theory

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20
Q

Models in Disease Causation (3)

A
  1. Ecologic triad (Triad of epidemiology)
  2. Iceberg Principal
  3. Web of causation
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21
Q

most helpful to the nurse because it highlights not only the host’s and agent’s roles in disease development but also regards the role of environment as important in disease causation.

A

Ecologic Triad (Triad of Epidemiology)

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22
Q

is any element, substance, force animate or inanimate which serve as a stimulus to initiate or perpetuate a disease process.

A

agent

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23
Q

Example of agents (5)

A

Physical
Biological
Chemical
Mechanical
Nutritive

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24
Q

is any organism that harbors and provide nourishment for another organism

A

Host

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25
Q

Examples of host (5)

A
  1. Demographic characteristics
  2. General health status
  3. Body defenses
  4. State of immunity & immunological response
  5. Human behavior
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26
Q

the sum total of all external conditions and influences that affect the life and development of an organism

A

Environment

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27
Q

example of environment (3)

A
  1. Physical – inanimate surroundings such as the geophysical conditions and climate
  2. Biological – living things such as plants and animal life (vectors)
  3. Socio-economic – economic development, social disruptions
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28
Q

describe a situation in which a large percentage of a problem is subclinical, unreported, or otherwise hidden from view.

A

Iceberg Principle

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29
Q

shows the relationship between different multiple factors that contribute to the cause of a disease

A

Web of Causation

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30
Q
  • Seeks to identify factors related to the course of a disease once established in order to determine its duration and the probability of recovery, death or specific complications.
A

natural history of disease

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31
Q

Help the nurse and other people to implement measures to prevent pathologic processes to progress.

A

natural hospital of disease

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32
Q

Stages of Natural History of Disease (2)

A

Pre-pathogenesis
Pathogenesis

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33
Q

3 Substages of Pathogenesis

A

Pre-symptomatic Disease/Early Pathogenesis
Discernible lesions
Advanced Disease

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34
Q

Stage of Natural History of Disease:
the disease has not developed but factors that favor its occurrence are present.

A

pre-pathogenesis

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35
Q

Substages of Pathogenesis:

individual has no symptoms that indicate the presence of illness but in fact, pathogenic changes have begun.

A

Pre-symptomatic disease or early pathogenesis

36
Q

Substages of Pathogenesis:

– changes may be detectable through sophisticated laboratory tests, during this period, the early signs & symptoms of diseases are developing.

A

Discernible lesions

37
Q

Substages of Pathogenesis:

  • anatomical or functional changes have produced recognizable signs & symptoms.
A

Advanced disease

38
Q

refers to identification of potential problems so that the nurse can minimize or eradicate possible disability or deformity in a population at risk.

A

Prevention

39
Q

Levels of Prevention of Health Problems (3)

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

40
Q

Levels of Prevention of Health Problems:

activities directed to the healthy population, focusing on prevention of emergence of risk factors and removal or reduction of risk factors

A

Primary prevention

41
Q

Levels of Prevention Of Health Problems:

strengthen host resistance; interrupt the chain of infection

A

Primary prevention

42
Q

Levels of Prevention of Health Problems:

  • surveillance, quarantine, segregation, isolation
A

Primary prevention

43
Q

Levels of Prevention of Health Problems:

aims to identify and treat existing health problems at the earliest possible time.

A

Secondary Prevention

44
Q

Levels of Prevention of Health problems:

control or eradication of the health problem

A

Secondary Prevention

45
Q

Levels of Prevention of Health problems:

screening, case finding, disease surveillance

A

Secondary prevention

46
Q

Levels of Prevention of Health problems:

prompt and appropriate treatment

A

secondary prevention

47
Q

Levels of Prevention of Health problems:

limits disability progression

A

Tertiary Prevention

48
Q

Levels of Prevention of Health problems:

the nurse attempts to reduce the magnitude or severity of the residual effects of infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases.

A

Tertiary prevention

49
Q

2 Premises of the Concept of Causality & Association

A
  1. Disease does not occur at random.
  2. Disease has identifiable CAUSAL and PREVENTIVE factors
50
Q

what are the concept of causality & association (5)

A

cause of disease
necessary cause
sufficient case
risk
association

51
Q

Concept of Causality and Association:

any event, condition, characteristic or combination of these factors that play an important role in producing the disease.

A

cause of disease

52
Q

Concept of Causality and Association:

a cause must precede a disease and the cause of a disease must be necessary and sufficient for the occurrence of disease.

A

cause of disease

53
Q

Concept of Causality and Association:

refers to the fact that the factor must be present for the disease to occur.

A

necessary cause

54
Q

Concept of Causality and Association:

indicates that if a factor is present, the disease can occur, but the factor’s presence does not always result in the disease occurrence.

A

sufficient cause

55
Q

Concept of Causality and Association:

probability of an unfavorable event, disease, disability, defect or even death.

A

risk

56
Q

Concept of Causality and Association:

must be identified and dealt with to prevent diseases.

A

risk

57
Q

Concept of Causality and Association:

concurrence of 2 variables under investigation and are often associated with each other

A

association

58
Q

Factors Associated with Increased Risk of Disease (3)

A

Predisposing factor
Enabling factor
Reinforcing factor

59
Q

Factors Associated with Increased Risk of Disease:

any characteristic of an individual, a community or an environment that predisposes behavior or other conditions related to health.

A

Predisposing factor

60
Q

Factors Associated with Increased Risk of Disease:

any characteristic of an individual, group or the environment that facilitates or make possible a certain health behavior or other conditions affecting health.

A

enabling factor

61
Q

Factors Associated with Increased Risk of Disease:

any reward or punishment or any feedback following or anticipated as a consequence of health behavior.

A

reinforcing factor

62
Q

PRINCIPLES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY (6)

A
  1. Health is a state of equilibrium. A delicate balance for many factors.
  2. Infection is not synonymous with disease
  3. No disease occurs by chance alone because it follows its own recognizable pattern of occurrence.
  4. Disease causation is complex
  5. Knowledge of the distribution of disease overtime is valuable to the nurse in the community
  6. An epidemic curve is merely a graphic display of disease onsets overtime, hours, days or weeks
63
Q

Functions of the Nurse in Epidemiology (12)

A
  1. Coordinate with other team members during an epidemic
  2. Render or supervise nursing care
  3. Accomplish and keep records and reports and submit to proper office/agency
  4. Maintain surveillance to the occurrence of disease
  5. Participate in case finding and collection of lab specimen
  6. Conduct health teachings
  7. Refer cases when necessary
  8. Organize, coordinate, and conduct community health education programs
  9. Perform and teach household members methods of disinfection
  10. Follow up cases
  11. Isolate cases of communicable diseases
  12. Coordinate with other concerned community agencies
64
Q

4 possible outcomes of infection

A
  1. there may be overt clinical illness
  2. an in apartment of subclinical infection may occur in which the person shows no symptoms but is shedding the agent
  3. infected person may be a carrier
  4. whether or not disease occurred, the agent may persist quietly in the host’s tissue for long periods of time
65
Q

Phases of Epidemiological Approach (4)

A

Descriptive epidemiology
Analytical epidemiology
Interventional or Experimental epidemiology
Evaluation epidemiology

66
Q

Phases of Epidemiological Approach:

aims to describe the occurrence of health conditions in the community in terms of the attributes of the people, pattern of disease and characteristics of the place when the disease appeared

A

Descriptive epidemiology

67
Q

Phases of Epidemiological Approach:

concerned with disease distribution and frequency

A

descriptive epidemiology

68
Q

Phases of Epidemiological Approach:

Case finding and screening activities

A

descriptive epidemiology

69
Q

Phases of Epidemiological Approach:

Attempts to identify the possible factors associated with disease occurrence.

A

analytical epidemiology

70
Q

Phases of Epidemiological Approach:

aims to test effectiveness of intervention programs designed to prevent and control disease utilizing randomized controlled or clinical trials and field or community trials.

A

interventional or experimental epidemiology

71
Q

Phases of Epidemiological Approach:

attempts to measure effectiveness of different health services and intervention programs

A

evaluation epidemiology

72
Q

Levels of Disease Occurrence:

occurs when the proportion of susceptible are high compared to the immunes; increase in disease incidence

A

epidemic

73
Q

Levels of Disease Occurrence:

occurrence of disease that implies habitual presence of disease in a given geographic location; rates are predictable; consistently present

A

endemic

74
Q

Levels of Disease Occurrence:

occurrence of disease that implies habitual presence of disease in a given geographic location; high levels of disease occurrence; persistently present

A

hyperendemic

75
Q

Levels of Disease Occurrence:

disease occur every now and then affecting a small number of people relative to the population

A

sporadic

76
Q

Levels of Disease Occurrence:

global occurrence of a disease affecting several countries or continent

A

pandemic

77
Q

Levels of Disease Occurrence:

The occurrence of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community geographical area or season (WHO)

A

outbreak

78
Q

Levels of Disease Occurrence:

also considered in a previously unknown disease

A

outbreak

79
Q

Levels of Disease Occurrence:

refers to an aggregation of cases grouped in place in time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected

A

cluster

80
Q

Outline of plan for an epidemiological investigation (4)

A
  1. Establish fact or presence of epidemic
  2. Establish time and space relationships of the disease
  3. Relations of the characteristics of the group of community
  4. Correlation of all data obtained
81
Q

Determining characteristics of the community and population: (3)

A

herd immunity
exposure or contact rate
chance

82
Q

Determining characteristics of the community and population:

represents the immunity and susceptibility levels of the population

A

herd immunity

83
Q

Determining characteristics of the community and population:

occurs when a high percentage of the community is immune to a disease (through vaccination and/or prior illness), making the spread of this disease from person to person unlikely.

A

herd immunity

84
Q

Determining characteristics of the community and population:

represents opportunities for progressive transfer or transmission of an infectious agent to a susceptible host

A

exposure or contact rate

85
Q

Determining characteristics of the community and population:

depends on the frequency of contact and facility of transmission.

A

exposure or contact rate

86
Q

Determining characteristics of the community and population:

is the probability pf contact between the source of infection and the susceptible host

A

chance

CHN (6 decks)

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