Mod 3 Digestion, Absorption & Metabolism

Question 1

what is the role of enzymes?

Answer 1

they speed up the rate of reactions

Question 2

What is hydrolysis

Answer 2

the input of water helps to break down a molecule
-for example, sucrase is a sugar that when a hydrolysis reaction occurs it splits into smaller molecules glucose and Fructose

Question 3

Condensation reactions

Answer 3

the process of condensation reactions binds amino acids together, water is liberated in the process!

Question 4

Gastric Lipase

Answer 4

breaks down lipids

Question 5

Pepsinogen

Answer 5

Becomes pepsin when it comes in contact with Hydrochloric acid, which breaks down proteins

Question 6

hydrochloric acid -HCL

Answer 6

unravels proteins, and turns pepsinogen into pepsin

Question 7

Nutrient subunits enter the villi of the small intestine where they can be absorbed and enter the ___ or the ___

Answer 7

the BLOOD or the LYMPH

Question 8

These enter the lymph by passive diffusion

Answer 8

Lipids, fat soluble vitamins

Question 9

This enters the villi by facilitated diffusion (protein transporter required)

Answer 9

Fructose

Question 10

This enters the villi by Active transport, protein transporter required

Answer 10

Glucose, amino acids

Question 11

“Accessory structures” to the digestive tract

Answer 11

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 12

Pancreatic juice contains 4 things (3 are enxymes)

Answer 12

1- bicarbonate (neutralize the acidity of chyme)
2- Lipase
3- Amylase
4- Proteases

Question 13

What is the function of bile ?

Answer 13

Bile is a lipid emulsifier- is allows lipids to be moved around in a watery environment. Bile’s hydrophobic tails arrange themselves around the lipids and their hydrophilic heads face out at the watery environment of the lumen (sm intestine)

Question 14

What is the a structure of lipids encased in bile called?

Answer 14

A Micelle !

Question 15

in the LARGE intestine, unabsorbed material is either (2):

Answer 15

1-packaged up for removal 2-acted on by bacteria (the microbiota; microbiome )

Question 16

The microbiota have a role in

Answer 16

• energy synthesis
• vitamin absorption
• health and disease (a lot we don’t yet understand)

Question 17

Prebiotics

Answer 17

carbohydrates that act as food for the microbiota

Question 18

Probiotics

Answer 18

cultures of living organisms- bacteria (like in yogurt)

Question 19

All nutrients absorbed by the villi head to the liver EXCEPT

Answer 19

lipids and fat soluble vitamins

Question 20

Anabolism

Answer 20

smaller molecules come together to form larger ones

–> requires an INPUT of energy

Question 21

Canabolism

Answer 21

larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones
–>results in an an output of energy
—–“a net release of energy”
This is the energy captured by the body within ATP

Question 22

Cellular respiration

Answer 22

the catabolism of energy -yielding nutrients leading to the production of ATP

Question 23

Glycolysis is….

Answer 23

the break down of glucose (anerobic, produces minimal ATP)

Question 24

Ketogenesis

Answer 24

can occur in a very low carb and high fat diet- the citric acid cycle requires carbohydrates -on low carb diet fatty acids cannot enter the citric acid cycle- but instead form KETONES