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ANAPHY > MOD 3-4 > Flashcards

MOD 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

A group of cells with similar structure and function, along with extracellular substances located
between cells.

A

Tissue

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2
Q

the microscopic study of tissue structure.

A

histology

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3
Q

what are the 4 basic types of tissues?

A

epithelium, connective, muscular, nervous

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4
Q

This type of tissue covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body.

A

epithelium tissue

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5
Q

a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body.

A

connective

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6
Q

Type of tissue that makes movement possible by contracting or shortening.

A

muscle

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7
Q

This type of tissue is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities

A

nervous

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8
Q

what are the cell surfaces?

A

free/apical surface, lateral surface, basal surface

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9
Q

general characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

composed of cell with very little extra cellular matrix, covers body surfaces,

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10
Q

major functions of epithelia

A

protecting underlying structures, acting as a barrier, permitting the passage of substances, secreting substances, absorbing substances

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11
Q

classification of epithelium

A

simple, stratified, pseudostratified, transitional

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12
Q

single layer of cells

A

simple

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13
Q

more than one layer of cells

A

stratified

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14
Q

special type of simple epithelium; appears to be stratified but is not

A

pseudostratified

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15
Q

modification of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched

A

transitional

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16
Q

what are the types of epithelium

A

squamous, cubodial, columnar

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17
Q

these are cells that are flat or scale-like

A

squamous

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18
Q

cells are cube shaped; about as wide as they are tall

A

cubodial

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19
Q

cells tend to be taller than they are wide

A

columnar

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20
Q

increase cell’s surface area

A

microvilli

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21
Q

move materials across cell’s surface

A

cilia

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22
Q

produces mucus

A

goblet cells

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23
Q

structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into blood; primarily composed of epithelium, with a supporting network of connective tissue.

A

glands

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24
Q

two types of glands

A

endocrine and exocrine

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25
Q

glands with ducts

A

exocrine

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26
Q

glands with no ducts (directly into the bloodstream)

A

endocrine

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27
Q

distinguished by its extracellular matrix which results from the activity of specialized connective tissue cells,

A

connective tissues

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28
Q

major components of extracellular matrix

A

protein fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers

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29
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

enclosing and separating other tissues, connecting tissue to one another, supporting and moving parts, storing compound, cushioning and insulating, transporting, protecting

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30
Q

consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filed with ground substance & fluid.

A

Loose Connective Tissue -

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31
Q

has relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles & fill nearly all of the extracellular space

A

Dense Connective Tissue -

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32
Q

is composed of chondrocytes; resilient, relatively rigid & enables to spring back after being compressed; not penetrated by blood vessels; therefore, heals slowly after an injury.

A

cartilage

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33
Q

hard connective tissue that consists of living cells & mineralized matrix;
composed of osteocytes which are located within lacunae; the matrix is organized into layers called lamellae.

A

bone

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34
Q

examples of connective tissue proper

A

loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue

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35
Q

examples of supporting connective tissue

A

cartilage, bone

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36
Q

examples of fluid connective tissue

A

blood, hemopoietic tissue,

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37
Q

composed of formed elements & fluid matrix

A

blood

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38
Q

composed of red and yellow marrow

A

hemopoietic tissue

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39
Q

main function is to contract, or shorten, making movernent possible; length is greater than its diameter

A

muscle tissue

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40
Q

specialized to conduct action potentials (electrical signals); located in the brain, spinal cord & ganglia

A

nervous tissue

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41
Q

transmit information in form of action potentials, store information, & integrate
& evaluate data

A

neurons (nerve cell)

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42
Q

major parts of neurons

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

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43
Q

site of general cell functions; contains nucleus

A

cell body

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44
Q

receive stimuli leading to electrical changes

A

dendrites

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45
Q

send action potential to another neuron

A

axon

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46
Q

surround the neurons; function to protect, nourish & form specialized sheaths around axons

A

glia

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47
Q

a thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity. The body is
composed of four membranes, one external and 3 internal.

A

tissue membrane

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48
Q

external tissue membrane; compose of stratified squamous epithelium & dense connective tissue.

A

cutaneous membrane/skin

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49
Q

occurs when tissues are damaged,can result from the immediate & painful events that follow trauma and mobilizes the body’s defenses & isolates and destroys microorganisms, foreign materials, and damaged cells.

A

inflammation

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50
Q

results when the agent responsible for an injury is not removed or something else DORA interferes with the healing process.

A

chronic inflammation

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51
Q

is an unpleasant but beneficial occurrence in the human body when tissues are damaged.

A

inflammatory response

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52
Q

are substances that are released or activated in the injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels.

A

chemical mediators

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53
Q

a type of phagocytic white blood cell that enters the tissues and fights infections by ingesting bacteria, It dies after ingesting a small number of bacteria

A

neutrophil

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54
Q

the mixture of dead neutrophils, other cells, & fluid that can accumulate

A

pus

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55
Q

is the substitution of viable cells for dead cells.

A

tissue repair

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56
Q

two types of tissue repair

A

regeneration & fibrosis/replacement

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57
Q

the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored; no scar formation.

A

regeneration

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58
Q

primarily used in this type; self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that continue to divide throughout life.

A

stem cells

59
Q

a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production:
and the loss of some tissue function. (ex: brain, heart, skeletal muscles)

A

fibrosis/replacement

60
Q

how does the tissue repair process work?

A

In the process that repairs tissue damage, a clot is first formed. Next, new epithelial cells grow into the wound, followed by the formation of granulation tissue. Finally, granulation tissue is replaced with new connective tissue.

61
Q

contains the threadlike protein fibrin, Which binds the edges of the wound together and stops the bleeding.

A

clot

62
Q

dried clot; seals the wound and helps prevent infection,

A

scab

63
Q

a second type of phagocytic cells that removes the dead neutrophils, cellular debris, & the decomposing clot.

A

macrophage

64
Q

produces collagen and other extracellular matrix components.

A

fibroblast

65
Q

a delicate, granular-appearing connective tissue that consists of fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries.

A

granulation tissue

66
Q

a result of contraction of fibroblasts in granulation tissue; pulls the edges of wound closer together.

A

wound contracture

67
Q

consists of the skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails, and glands); of the more familiar systems of the body because it covers the outside of the body and is easily observed

A

integumentary system

68
Q

this means covering

A

integument

69
Q

major functions of integumentary system

A

protection, sensation, vitamin d production, temperature regulation, excretion

70
Q

what process will occurr to heat the body

A

Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow to skin and heat is retained.

71
Q

what process will occur to heat the body?

A

Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow to skin and heat is retained.

72
Q

what process will occur to cool down the body?

A

Blood vessels in dermis dilate and heat is transferred from deep in tissues to an skin and sweat is produced.

73
Q

Skin glands can remove large amounts of sweat, but only a small amount of waste products (urea, uric acid, and ammonia). They do not play a significant role in the excretion of waste products

A

excretion

74
Q

the most superficial layer of the skin; made up of stratified squamous epithelium.

A

epidermis

75
Q

distinct layer of epidermis

A

strata

76
Q

what are the five epidermal strata

A

stratum basale/germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

77
Q

deepest layer; consists of cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo mitotic divisions about every 19 days. This stratum is a single layer of cells and firmly attached to dermis.

A

stratum basale/ stratum germinativum

78
Q

spiny in appearance due to the protruding cell processing that join the cells; composed of 8 to 10 layers of keratinocytes (cells that manufacture & store the protein keratin)

A

stratum spinosum

79
Q

has grainy appearance due to further changes to the keratinocytes as they are pushed from the spinosum; generate large amounts of keratin, which is fibrous

A

stratum granulosum

80
Q

a smooth, seemingly translucent layer that is found only on thick skin of palms, soles, & digits

A

stratum lucidum

81
Q

outermost layer of epidermis; 20 to 30 layers of dead squamous cells filled with keratin & accounts for 75% of epidermal thickness; joined by desmosomes. This layer is also coated and surrounded by lipid, which acts as waterproofing material.

A

stratum corneum

82
Q

excessive sloughing of corneum from the surface of the scalp,

A

dandruff

83
Q

hard skin; forms when the skin has been exposed to frequent friction resulting in increased layers of corneum and thickened areas

A

callus

84
Q

occurs when the corneum thickens to form a cone-shaped structure over a bony prominence.

A

corn

85
Q

a process in which new cells (with keratin) is pushing old cells to the surface. It takes 40 to 56 days for the new cells to reach the surface,

A

keratinization

86
Q

the 2nd major skin region; composed of dense collagenous connective tissue containing fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic
vessels.

A

dermis

87
Q

these are areas where skin is most resistant to stretching; caused by orientation of collagen fibers; vital in scarring.

A

cleavage lines/tension lines

88
Q

visible lines through the epidermis that result, from overstretched skin, for any reason, damaging the dermis; usually common when a person increases in size quite rapidly.

A

stretch marks

89
Q

layers of dermis

A

papillary layer, reticular layer

90
Q

thin connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels.

A

papillary layer

91
Q

deepest layer of dermis; accounts for 80% of dermis.

A

reticular layer

92
Q

factors affecting skin color

A

pigments in skin, blood circulating through the skin, thickness of stratum corneum, genetics

93
Q

irregularly shaped cells with many long processes that extend between the epithelial cells of the deep part of epidermis; responsible for production of melanin,

A

melanocytes

94
Q

these are melanin-containing vesicles which move into the cell processes of melanocytes

A

melanosomes

95
Q

the group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color and provides protection against ultraviolet light from sunlight

A

melanin

96
Q

determinants of melanin production

A

genetic factors, exposure to uv light, hormones

97
Q

responsible for the amounts of melanin produced in different races.

A

genetic factors

98
Q

a recessive genetic trait that causes a deficiency or an absence of melanin

A

albinism

99
Q

stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production to help protect the
skin resulting in a suntan.

A

exposure to uv light

100
Q

It is the skin reacting to UV exposure.

A

sunburn

101
Q

certain hormones, such as estrogen & melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), increase the melanin production during pregnancy.

A

hormones

102
Q

It is attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle; below the dermis, not part of the skin; made up of loose connective tissue, including adipose tissue; contains about 1/4 of the body’s stored lipids

A

Subcutaneous Tissue / Hypodermis

103
Q

is found everywhere on the skin, except on the palms, the soles, lips, nipples, parts of genitalia, and the distal segments of fingers and toes,

A

hair

104
Q

what are the different hair components

A

hair shaft, hair root, hair bulb, hair follicle, hair cortex, hair medulla, hair papilla, arrector pili

105
Q

flexible strands of keratinized cells; protrudes above the surface of the skin,

A

hair shaft

106
Q

part of the hair that protrudes below the surface.

A

hair root

107
Q

base of hair root; where the hair is produced

A

hair bulb

108
Q

an invagination of the epidermis that extends deep into the dermis; a group of
cells that surround the root and bulb and responsible for giving different shapes to the hair.

A

hair follicle

109
Q

a hard covering of hair that is surrounded by the cuticle, a single layer of overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle.

A

hair cortex

110
Q

the softer center that is surrounded by the cortex

A

hair medulla

111
Q

an extension of the dermis that protrudes into the hair bulb; the blood vessels within supply the hair bulb with the nourishment needed to produce hair.

A

hair papilla

112
Q

made up of smooth muscle that surrounds each hair follicle; its contraction causes the hair to become more perpendicular to the skin’s surface called “goose bumps”

A

arrector pili

113
Q

are simple, branched acinar glands; most are connected by a duct to the hair
follicle.

A

sebaceous glands

114
Q

release sweat by merocrine secretion that is made mostly of water, with a few salts, located in almost every part of the skin but most numerous in palms and soles; open into the sweat pores

A

eccrine sweat glands

115
Q
  • produce a thick secretion rich in organic substances by merocrine
    secretion, though some glands demonstrate holocrine secretion; located only in armpits and genitalia; open into the hair follicles and become active during puberty, causing body odor.
A

apocrine sweat glands

116
Q

a thin plate with layers of dead stratum corneum cells with a very hard type of keratin.

A

nail

117
Q

what are the parts of the nail? (nail structure)

A

nail body, nail root, cuticle/eponychium, nail matrix, nail bed, lunula

118
Q

the visible part of the nail

A

nail body

119
Q

the covered part by the skin.

A

nail root

120
Q

a stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body.

A

cuticle/eponychium

121
Q

made up of epithelial cells with a stratum, basale that gives rises to most of the nail continuation of nail roots and is thicker than nail bed.

A

nail matrix

122
Q

located distally to the nail matrix & attaches to nail; made up of epithelial cells with a stratum basale

A

nail bed

123
Q

a small part of the nail matrix that can be seen through the nail body as a whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail.

A

lunula

124
Q

caused by increased blood flowing through the skin.

A

redness/blushing

125
Q

bacterial infection that causes reddish rash on the skin.

A

scarlet fever

126
Q

caused by decreased blood flow.

A

pallor/paleness

127
Q

a bluish color of skin caused by a decrease in the blood oxygen content. Associated with impaired circulation or respiratory functions.

A

cyanosis

128
Q

a yellowish discoloration of the skin. Associated with liver disorder, too much consumption of carotene

A

jaundice

129
Q

a yellow pigment found in plants (squash & carrots); normally used as a source sist
of vitamin A and accumulates in lipids of stratum corneum & in the adipocytes of dermis and subcutaneous.

A

carotene

130
Q

a darkened skin piamentation usually caused by stimulant effect of excess
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on the melanocytes.

A

bronzing

131
Q

a blue to purple discoloration caused by broken blood vessels.

A

bruising

132
Q

is an injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.

A

burn

133
Q

classifications of burns

A

partial-thickness burn, full-thickness burn

134
Q

the part of the stratum basale remains viable, and regeneration of the anglist
epidermis occurs from within the burn area, as well as from the edges of the burn

A

partial thickness burn

135
Q

a burn that only involves the epidermis

A

first-degree burn

136
Q

a burn that involves both the epidermis and dermis

A

second-degree burn

137
Q

the epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed, and a painless kind of burn because the sensory receptors have been destroyed

A

third-degree burn

138
Q

Most common type of cancer and mainly caused by UV light exposure from the sun.

A

skin cancer

139
Q

can cause tanning of the skin; associated with malignant melanomas.

A

UVA rays

140
Q

can cause burning of the skin associated with basal cell & squamous cell carnicomas

A

UVB rays

141
Q

most frequent type that affects the cells in stratum basale and extends
into dermis to produce an open wound; readily treatable with surgery.

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

142
Q

develops from cells immediately superficial to the stratum basale;
if untreated, can metastasize and lead to death.

A

squamous cell carcinoma

143
Q

a rare form that arises from melanoeytes, usually in pre-existing mole appear as a large, flat, spreading lesion or as a deeply pigmented nodule, metastasis is common and often fatal.

A

malignant melanoma

ANAPHY (2 decks)

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