MOD 1-2 Flashcards
The study of the structures of the body
Anatomy
The study of the processes and functions of the body.
Physiology
What are the 6 Levels of Organization for Human Body?
Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules
Chemical
Basic structural and functional units of organisms
Cell
A group of similar cells and the material surrounding them
Tissue
composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions
Organ
A group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions
Organ System
a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another
Organism
What are the 11 Organ systems in the body?
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, water loss, helps produce vitamin D
Integumentary System
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, stores mineral and adipose tissue
Skeletal System
Produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat
Muscular System
Major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, intellectual functions
Nervous System
Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction
Endocrine System
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body, plays a role in the immune response and regulation of body temperature
Cardiovascular System
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs dietary fats from digestive tract
Lymphatic System
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air, regulates blood pH
Respiratory System
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes
Digestive System
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, water balance
Urinary System
Produces oocytes for females and sperm cells for males for reproduction and hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
Reproductive System
What are the 6 Essential Characteristics of Life?
Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Reproduction
refers to a specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism.
Organization
the ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction.
metabolism
the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life.
responsiveness
refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism
growth
includes the changes an organism undergoes through time
development
the formation of new cells or new organisms.
reproduction
the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life.
homeostasis
regulates most systems of the body; occurs when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
negative feedback mechanism
occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
positive feedback mechanism
refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.
anatomical position
These are terms that always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body’s actual position.
directional terms
Below (Directional Term)
Inferior
Above (Directional Term)
Superior
Toward the front of the body
(Directional Term)
Anterior
Toward the back of the body
(Directional Term)
Posterior
Toward the back (synonymous with posterior) (Directional Term)
dorsal
Toward the belly (Directional Term)
ventral
Closer to a point of attachment (Directional Term)
proximal
Farther to a point of attachment (Directional Term)
distal
Away from the midline of the body (Directional Term)
Lateral
Toward the middle or midline of the body (Directional Term)
medial
Toward or on the surface (directional term)
superficial
Away from the surface, internal (directional term)
deep
A plane that runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts
sagittal plane
a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of body, dividing it into equal right & left halves
medial
A plane that runs parallel to the surface of ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts,
transverse/horizontal plane
A plane that runs vertically from right to left & divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
frontal/ coronal plane
a cut along the length of the organ
longitudinal
A section that cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog into round pieces
transverse/cross section
a cut is made diagonally across the long axis
oblique
A cavity that is surrounded by rib cage & is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm
thoracic cavity
A cavity that is bounded primarily by abdominal muscles; contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas & kidneys
abdominal cavity
a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis; contains the urinary bladder,
part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs.
pelvic cavity
membranes that are in contact with the organ/s
visceral
membranes that are in contact with the walls of the cavity
parietal
the basic living unit of all organisms; each cell is a highly organized unit,
cell
specialized structures in cells that perform specific functions.
organelle
jelly-like substance that holds organelles and is enclosed by cell membrane (aka plasma membrane).
cytoplasm
functions of the cell?
cell metabolism and energy use, synthesis of molecules, communication, reproduction of inheritance
It is the outermost component of the cell that forms a selective barrier between intracellular (materials inside the cell) and extracellular substances (materials outside the cells).
cell membrane/plasma membrane
major molecules of cells
phospolipids, protein
other components of cells
cholesterol, carbohydrates
Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli and is the Site of RNA synthesis & ribosomal subunit assembly
nucleus
Site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
Has may ribosomes attached
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Site of lipid synthesis
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What is CHON?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Modifies CHON structure & packages CHON in secretory vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
Contains materials produced in cell, formed by the golgi apparatus & secreted by exocytosis
secretory vesicle
Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell
lysosome
Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisome
Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis
mitochondria
Supports cytoplasm > prominent to bacteria and Assists in cell division and forms components of cilia & flagella
microtubule
Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division
centrioles
Located on cell surface that move substances over surfaces of certain cells
cilia
Propel sperm cells
flagella
Increase surface area of certain cells
microvilli
This does not require the cell to expend energy, This includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Passive Membrane transport
This does require the cell to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP. This includes active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
Active Membrane Transport
the movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration within a solvent. At equilibrium, the distribution of molecules is uniform.
diffusion
is the concentration of a solute at one point in a solvent minus the concentration of that solute at another point in the solvent divided by the distance between the points.
concentration gradient
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
osmosis
A force required to prevent movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
osmotic pressure
this moves substances from a higher to lower concentration and does not require energy in the form of ATP.
facilitated diffusion
the movement of a substance across a membrane by means of a carrier molecule. The substances transported tend to be large, water-soluble molecules or ions.
carrier-mediated transport
moves substances from a lower to a higher concentration and requires ATP.
active transport
uses the energy of chemical substance moving down its concentration gradient to move another substance across the cell membrane. In co-transport, both substances move in the same
direction; in counter-transport, they move in opposite directions,
secondary active transport
movement of materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle.
endocytosis
involves cell receptors attaching to molecules -» needs receptors
receptor-mediated endocytosis
movement of solid material into cells (cell-eating)
phagocytosis
the materials ingested is much smaller and is in solution (cell-drinking)
pinocytosis
the secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation.
exocytosis
It is a cell’s framework. This is vital for providing support, holding organelles in place and enabling the cell to change shape.
Cytoskeleton
largest diameter; provide structural support, assist in cell division, forming essential components of certain organelles (cilia and flagella)
microtubules
A type of cytoskeleton that has medium diameter; maintain cell shape
Intermediate Filaments
A type of cytoskeleton with the smallest diameter; determine cell shape and involved in cell movement
microfilaments
a double helix nucleus, composed of nucleotides, and contains five waRna carbon sugars (deoxyribose), nitrogen base, & phosphate.
deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)
nucleotide pairs in dna
cytosine, thymine, guanine, adenine
A process in which the information in DNA directs protein synthesis.
gene expression
A process by which DNA is “read”’
transcription
A process by mRNA is converted into amino acids (polypeptides)
translation
This consists of a series of events that produce new cells for growth & tissue repair.
cell cycle
the non-dividing phase in which the DNA replicates.
interphase
the formation of two daughter cells from a single parent cell.
cell division
Each cell contains how many chromosomes?
46 chromosomes (diploid), except sperm & egg cells which contain 23 chromosomes.
four stages of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
A phase where each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere.
prophase
A phase where chromosomes align at the center of the cell.
Metaphase
A phase where chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles.
Anaphase
A phase where the two nuclei assume their normal structure, and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells.
telophase
the process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions, results from the selective activation and inactivation of DNA sections.
differentiation
Also known as programmed cell death, is a normal process by which cell numbers within
various tissues are adjusted and controlled.
Apoptosis
