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ANAPHY > MOD 1-2 > Flashcards

MOD 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the structures of the body

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The study of the processes and functions of the body.

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What are the 6 Levels of Organization for Human Body?

A

Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

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4
Q

involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules

A

Chemical

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5
Q

Basic structural and functional units of organisms

A

Cell

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6
Q

A group of similar cells and the material surrounding them

A

Tissue

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7
Q

composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions

A

Organ

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8
Q

A group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions

A

Organ System

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9
Q

a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another

A

Organism

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10
Q

What are the 11 Organ systems in the body?

A

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive

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11
Q

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, water loss, helps produce vitamin D

A

Integumentary System

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12
Q

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, stores mineral and adipose tissue

A

Skeletal System

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13
Q

Produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat

A

Muscular System

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14
Q

Major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, intellectual functions

A

Nervous System

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15
Q

Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction

A

Endocrine System

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16
Q

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body, plays a role in the immune response and regulation of body temperature

A

Cardiovascular System

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17
Q

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs dietary fats from digestive tract

A

Lymphatic System

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18
Q

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air, regulates blood pH

A

Respiratory System

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19
Q

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes

A

Digestive System

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20
Q

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, water balance

A

Urinary System

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21
Q

Produces oocytes for females and sperm cells for males for reproduction and hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors

A

Reproductive System

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22
Q

What are the 6 Essential Characteristics of Life?

A

Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Reproduction

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23
Q

refers to a specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism.

A

Organization

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24
Q

the ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction.

A

metabolism

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25
Q

the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life.

A

responsiveness

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26
Q

refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism

A

growth

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27
Q

includes the changes an organism undergoes through time

A

development

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28
Q

the formation of new cells or new organisms.

A

reproduction

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29
Q

the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life.

A

homeostasis

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30
Q

regulates most systems of the body; occurs when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted

A

negative feedback mechanism

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31
Q

occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response

A

positive feedback mechanism

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32
Q

refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.

A

anatomical position

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33
Q

These are terms that always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body’s actual position.

A

directional terms

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34
Q

Below (Directional Term)

A

Inferior

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35
Q

Above (Directional Term)

A

Superior

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36
Q

Toward the front of the body

(Directional Term)

A

Anterior

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37
Q

Toward the back of the body

(Directional Term)

A

Posterior

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38
Q

Toward the back (synonymous with posterior) (Directional Term)

A

dorsal

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39
Q

Toward the belly (Directional Term)

A

ventral

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40
Q

Closer to a point of attachment (Directional Term)

A

proximal

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41
Q

Farther to a point of attachment (Directional Term)

A

distal

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42
Q

Away from the midline of the body (Directional Term)

A

Lateral

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43
Q

Toward the middle or midline of the body (Directional Term)

A

medial

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44
Q

Toward or on the surface (directional term)

A

superficial

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45
Q

Away from the surface, internal (directional term)

A

deep

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46
Q

A plane that runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts

A

sagittal plane

47
Q

a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of body, dividing it into equal right & left halves

A

medial

48
Q

A plane that runs parallel to the surface of ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts,

A

transverse/horizontal plane

49
Q

A plane that runs vertically from right to left & divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

A

frontal/ coronal plane

50
Q

a cut along the length of the organ

A

longitudinal

51
Q

A section that cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog into round pieces

A

transverse/cross section

52
Q

a cut is made diagonally across the long axis

A

oblique

53
Q

A cavity that is surrounded by rib cage & is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm

A

thoracic cavity

54
Q

A cavity that is bounded primarily by abdominal muscles; contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas & kidneys

A

abdominal cavity

55
Q

a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis; contains the urinary bladder,
part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs.

A

pelvic cavity

56
Q

membranes that are in contact with the organ/s

A

visceral

57
Q

membranes that are in contact with the walls of the cavity

A

parietal

58
Q

the basic living unit of all organisms; each cell is a highly organized unit,

A

cell

59
Q

specialized structures in cells that perform specific functions.

A

organelle

60
Q

jelly-like substance that holds organelles and is enclosed by cell membrane (aka plasma membrane).

A

cytoplasm

61
Q

functions of the cell?

A

cell metabolism and energy use, synthesis of molecules, communication, reproduction of inheritance

62
Q

It is the outermost component of the cell that forms a selective barrier between intracellular (materials inside the cell) and extracellular substances (materials outside the cells).

A

cell membrane/plasma membrane

63
Q

major molecules of cells

A

phospolipids, protein

64
Q

other components of cells

A

cholesterol, carbohydrates

65
Q

Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli and is the Site of RNA synthesis & ribosomal subunit assembly

A

nucleus

66
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

67
Q

Has may ribosomes attached

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

68
Q

Site of lipid synthesis

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

69
Q

What is CHON?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

70
Q

Modifies CHON structure & packages CHON in secretory vesicles

A

Golgi Apparatus

71
Q

Contains materials produced in cell, formed by the golgi apparatus & secreted by exocytosis

A

secretory vesicle

72
Q

Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell

A

lysosome

73
Q

Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisome

74
Q

Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis

A

mitochondria

75
Q

Supports cytoplasm > prominent to bacteria and Assists in cell division and forms components of cilia & flagella

A

microtubule

76
Q

Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division

A

centrioles

77
Q

Located on cell surface that move substances over surfaces of certain cells

A

cilia

78
Q

Propel sperm cells

A

flagella

79
Q

Increase surface area of certain cells

A

microvilli

80
Q

This does not require the cell to expend energy, This includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

A

Passive Membrane transport

81
Q

This does require the cell to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP. This includes active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

A

Active Membrane Transport

82
Q

the movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration within a solvent. At equilibrium, the distribution of molecules is uniform.

A

diffusion

83
Q

is the concentration of a solute at one point in a solvent minus the concentration of that solute at another point in the solvent divided by the distance between the points.

A

concentration gradient

84
Q

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

osmosis

85
Q

A force required to prevent movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmotic pressure

86
Q

this moves substances from a higher to lower concentration and does not require energy in the form of ATP.

A

facilitated diffusion

87
Q

the movement of a substance across a membrane by means of a carrier molecule. The substances transported tend to be large, water-soluble molecules or ions.

A

carrier-mediated transport

88
Q

moves substances from a lower to a higher concentration and requires ATP.

A

active transport

89
Q

uses the energy of chemical substance moving down its concentration gradient to move another substance across the cell membrane. In co-transport, both substances move in the same
direction; in counter-transport, they move in opposite directions,

A

secondary active transport

90
Q

movement of materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle.

A

endocytosis

91
Q

involves cell receptors attaching to molecules -» needs receptors

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

92
Q

movement of solid material into cells (cell-eating)

A

phagocytosis

93
Q

the materials ingested is much smaller and is in solution (cell-drinking)

A

pinocytosis

94
Q

the secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation.

A

exocytosis

95
Q

It is a cell’s framework. This is vital for providing support, holding organelles in place and enabling the cell to change shape.

A

Cytoskeleton

96
Q

largest diameter; provide structural support, assist in cell division, forming essential components of certain organelles (cilia and flagella)

A

microtubules

97
Q

A type of cytoskeleton that has medium diameter; maintain cell shape

A

Intermediate Filaments

98
Q

A type of cytoskeleton with the smallest diameter; determine cell shape and involved in cell movement

A

microfilaments

99
Q 
a double helix nucleus, composed of nucleotides, and contains five waRna
carbon sugars (deoxyribose), nitrogen base, & phosphate.
A

deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)

100
Q

nucleotide pairs in dna

A

cytosine, thymine, guanine, adenine

101
Q

A process in which the information in DNA directs protein synthesis.

A

gene expression

102
Q

A process by which DNA is “read”’

A

transcription

103
Q

A process by mRNA is converted into amino acids (polypeptides)

A

translation

104
Q

This consists of a series of events that produce new cells for growth & tissue repair.

A

cell cycle

105
Q

the non-dividing phase in which the DNA replicates.

A

interphase

106
Q

the formation of two daughter cells from a single parent cell.

A

cell division

107
Q

Each cell contains how many chromosomes?

A

46 chromosomes (diploid), except sperm & egg cells which contain 23 chromosomes.

108
Q

four stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

109
Q

A phase where each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere.

A

prophase

110
Q

A phase where chromosomes align at the center of the cell.

A

Metaphase

111
Q

A phase where chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles.

A

Anaphase

112
Q

A phase where the two nuclei assume their normal structure, and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells.

A

telophase

113
Q

the process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions, results from the selective activation and inactivation of DNA sections.

A

differentiation

114
Q

Also known as programmed cell death, is a normal process by which cell numbers within
various tissues are adjusted and controlled.

A

Apoptosis

ANAPHY (2 decks)

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