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ANAPHY > MOD 1-2 > Flashcards

MOD 1-2 Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

The study of the structures of the body

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The study of the processes and functions of the body.

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What are the 6 Levels of Organization for Human Body?

A

Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

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4
Q

involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules

A

Chemical

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5
Q

Basic structural and functional units of organisms

A

Cell

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6
Q

A group of similar cells and the material surrounding them

A

Tissue

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7
Q

composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions

A

Organ

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8
Q

A group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions

A

Organ System

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9
Q

a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another

A

Organism

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10
Q

What are the 11 Organ systems in the body?

A

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive

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11
Q

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, water loss, helps produce vitamin D

A

Integumentary System

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12
Q

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, stores mineral and adipose tissue

A

Skeletal System

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13
Q

Produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat

A

Muscular System

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14
Q

Major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, intellectual functions

A

Nervous System

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15
Q

Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction

A

Endocrine System

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16
Q

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body, plays a role in the immune response and regulation of body temperature

A

Cardiovascular System

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17
Q

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs dietary fats from digestive tract

A

Lymphatic System

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18
Q

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air, regulates blood pH

A

Respiratory System

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19
Q

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes

A

Digestive System

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20
Q

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, water balance

A

Urinary System

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21
Q

Produces oocytes for females and sperm cells for males for reproduction and hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors

A

Reproductive System

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22
Q

What are the 6 Essential Characteristics of Life?

A

Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Reproduction

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23
Q

refers to a specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism.

A

Organization

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24
Q

the ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction.

A

metabolism

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25
the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life.
responsiveness
26
refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism
growth
27
includes the changes an organism undergoes through time
development
28
the formation of new cells or new organisms.
reproduction
29
the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life.
homeostasis
30
regulates most systems of the body; occurs when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
negative feedback mechanism
31
occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
positive feedback mechanism
32
refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.
anatomical position
33
These are terms that always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body's actual position.
directional terms
34
Below (Directional Term)
Inferior
35
Above (Directional Term)
Superior
36
Toward the front of the body | (Directional Term)
Anterior
37
Toward the back of the body | (Directional Term)
Posterior
38
Toward the back (synonymous with posterior) (Directional Term)
dorsal
39
Toward the belly (Directional Term)
ventral
40
Closer to a point of attachment (Directional Term)
proximal
41
Farther to a point of attachment (Directional Term)
distal
42
Away from the midline of the body (Directional Term)
Lateral
43
Toward the middle or midline of the body (Directional Term)
medial
44
Toward or on the surface (directional term)
superficial
45
Away from the surface, internal (directional term)
deep
46
A plane that runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts
sagittal plane
47
a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of body, dividing it into equal right & left halves
medial
48
A plane that runs parallel to the surface of ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts,
transverse/horizontal plane
49
A plane that runs vertically from right to left & divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
frontal/ coronal plane
50
a cut along the length of the organ
longitudinal
51
A section that cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog into round pieces
transverse/cross section
52
a cut is made diagonally across the long axis
oblique
53
A cavity that is surrounded by rib cage & is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm
thoracic cavity
54
A cavity that is bounded primarily by abdominal muscles; contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas & kidneys
abdominal cavity
55
a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis; contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs.
pelvic cavity
56
membranes that are in contact with the organ/s
visceral
57
membranes that are in contact with the walls of the cavity
parietal
58
the basic living unit of all organisms; each cell is a highly organized unit,
cell
59
specialized structures in cells that perform specific functions.
organelle
60
jelly-like substance that holds organelles and is enclosed by cell membrane (aka plasma membrane).
cytoplasm
61
functions of the cell?
cell metabolism and energy use, synthesis of molecules, communication, reproduction of inheritance
62
It is the outermost component of the cell that forms a selective barrier between intracellular (materials inside the cell) and extracellular substances (materials outside the cells).
cell membrane/plasma membrane
63
major molecules of cells
phospolipids, protein
64
other components of cells
cholesterol, carbohydrates
65
Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli and is the Site of RNA synthesis & ribosomal subunit assembly
nucleus
66
Site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
67
Has may ribosomes attached
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
68
Site of lipid synthesis
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
69
What is CHON?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
70
Modifies CHON structure & packages CHON in secretory vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
71
Contains materials produced in cell, formed by the golgi apparatus & secreted by exocytosis
secretory vesicle
72
Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell
lysosome
73
Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisome
74
Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis
mitochondria
75
Supports cytoplasm > prominent to bacteria and Assists in cell division and forms components of cilia & flagella
microtubule
76
Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division
centrioles
77
Located on cell surface that move substances over surfaces of certain cells
cilia
78
Propel sperm cells
flagella
79
Increase surface area of certain cells
microvilli
80
This does not require the cell to expend energy, This includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Passive Membrane transport
81
This does require the cell to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP. This includes active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
Active Membrane Transport
82
the movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration within a solvent. At equilibrium, the distribution of molecules is uniform.
diffusion
83
is the concentration of a solute at one point in a solvent minus the concentration of that solute at another point in the solvent divided by the distance between the points.
concentration gradient
84
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
osmosis
85
A force required to prevent movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
osmotic pressure
86
this moves substances from a higher to lower concentration and does not require energy in the form of ATP.
facilitated diffusion
87
the movement of a substance across a membrane by means of a carrier molecule. The substances transported tend to be large, water-soluble molecules or ions.
carrier-mediated transport
88
moves substances from a lower to a higher concentration and requires ATP.
active transport
89
uses the energy of chemical substance moving down its concentration gradient to move another substance across the cell membrane. In co-transport, both substances move in the same direction; in counter-transport, they move in opposite directions,
secondary active transport
90
movement of materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle.
endocytosis
91
involves cell receptors attaching to molecules -» needs receptors
receptor-mediated endocytosis
92
movement of solid material into cells (cell-eating)
phagocytosis
93
the materials ingested is much smaller and is in solution (cell-drinking)
pinocytosis
94
the secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation.
exocytosis
95
It is a cell's framework. This is vital for providing support, holding organelles in place and enabling the cell to change shape.
Cytoskeleton
96
largest diameter; provide structural support, assist in cell division, forming essential components of certain organelles (cilia and flagella)
microtubules
97
A type of cytoskeleton that has medium diameter; maintain cell shape
Intermediate Filaments
98
A type of cytoskeleton with the smallest diameter; determine cell shape and involved in cell movement
microfilaments
99
``` a double helix nucleus, composed of nucleotides, and contains five waRna carbon sugars (deoxyribose), nitrogen base, & phosphate. ```
deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)
100
nucleotide pairs in dna
cytosine, thymine, guanine, adenine
101
A process in which the information in DNA directs protein synthesis.
gene expression
102
A process by which DNA is "read"'
transcription
103
A process by mRNA is converted into amino acids (polypeptides)
translation
104
This consists of a series of events that produce new cells for growth & tissue repair.
cell cycle
105
the non-dividing phase in which the DNA replicates.
interphase
106
the formation of two daughter cells from a single parent cell.
cell division
107
Each cell contains how many chromosomes?
46 chromosomes (diploid), except sperm & egg cells which contain 23 chromosomes.
108
four stages of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
109
A phase where each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere.
prophase
110
A phase where chromosomes align at the center of the cell.
Metaphase
111
A phase where chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles.
Anaphase
112
A phase where the two nuclei assume their normal structure, and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells.
telophase
113
the process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions, results from the selective activation and inactivation of DNA sections.
differentiation
114
Also known as programmed cell death, is a normal process by which cell numbers within various tissues are adjusted and controlled.
Apoptosis

ANAPHY (2 decks)

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