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ESA2 Unknown > MoD > Flashcards

MoD Flashcards

0
Q

Action of p53

A

Causes release of cytochrome C from mitochondria. (Usually prevented by Bcl2)
This interacts with APAF1 and caspase 9 to form the apoptosome

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1
Q

Changes to cells under light microscope after cell injury

A

Decreased pink staining as swelling, then increased as ribosomes detach

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2
Q

Name the death ligand in apoptosis

A

TRAIL

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3
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

Calcification occurs in an area of dying tissue

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4
Q

Metastatic calcification

A

Calcification occurs in living tissue

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5
Q

Aspirin overdose consequences

A

Causes respiratory alkalosis,

Compensatory metab acidosis, also increase in lactate, pyruvate and ketone bodies

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6
Q

Anti inflammatory drugs

A

NSAIDS: Aspirin and ibuprofen, blocks the action of prostaglandins and Eicosanoids

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7
Q

Appearance of a simple plaque

A

Raised and yellow, irregular outline, widely distributed

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8
Q

Describe complicated plaque

A

Thrombosis, haemorrhage into plaque, calcification, aneurysm formation

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9
Q

Process of atheroma formation

A

Endothelial injury causes platelet adhesion that releases PDGF, SMC proliferation and migration of macrophages, the accumulation of lipid converts these to foam cells that release cytokines promoting further SMC stimulation and recruitment of other inflammatory cells

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10
Q

Arterial thrombi appearance

A

Pale, granular, lines of Zahn, low cell content

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11
Q

Appearance of Venous thrombi

A

Deep red, soft, gelatinous, high cell content

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12
Q

Possible out comes of a thrombus

A

Lysis, propagation, recanalisation, organisation, embolism

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13
Q

Mechanism of Heparin

A

Cofactor for anti thrombin 3

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14
Q

Mechanism of warfarin

A

Interferes with vit K dependant clotting factors

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15
Q

DIC

A

Disseminated intra vascular coagulation

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16
Q

Haemophilia A and B

A

A is 8, B is 9

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17
Q

What protein governs the check point of G1

A

Retinoblastoma protein

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18
Q

Apoplasia

A

Complete failure of a specific tissue or organ to develop

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19
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Incomplete development of a tissue or organ

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20
Q

Define neoplasm

A

Abnormal growth of cells that persists after initial stimulus is removed

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21
Q

Some cellular effects of neoplasm

A

Nuclear hyperchromasia and more pleomorphism

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22
Q

Benign neoplasm of epithelia

A

Papilloma

If glandular adenoma

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23
Q

Malignant epithelial neoplams

A

Carcinoma

Skin is basal cell

24
Q

Benign and malignant neoplasm of CT

A

-Oma, -sarcoma

25
Q

Names of types of CT neoplasms

SMC, fibrous, nerve, nervous sheath

A

Leiomy-,
Fibro-
Neurofibro-
Neurilemma-

26
Q

Glial cell neoplasm

A

Benign - glioma

Malignant - malignant glioma

27
Q

Lymphoid neoplasm

A

Lymphoma

28
Q

Haemopoietic neoplasm

A

Leukaemia

29
Q

Plasma cell neoplasm in bone marrow

A

Myeloma

30
Q

Neoplasm in nut sack

A

Teratoma

31
Q

Neoplasm in ovary

A

Benign teratoma

32
Q

What do neoplasm secret to digest basement membrane?

A

Matrix metalloproteinase

33
Q

What does hypoxia in a neoplasm cause

A

Release of VEGF stimulating angiogenesis

34
Q

How to carcinomas spread?

A

Lymph

35
Q

How do sarcomas spread?

A

Blood

36
Q

Comman sites for metastasis?

A

Lung, bone, liver, brain

37
Q

Haematological systemic effects of a neoplasm

A

Anaemia, decreased white cell and platelet count, thrombosis

38
Q

Systemic effects of neoplasm to skin

A

Jaundice,increased pigmentation, itching

39
Q

What is the local killing factor of neoplasms?

A

Increased ICP, perforation, haemorrhage

40
Q

Example of neoplasm initiators

A

Aromatic hydrocarbons and amines

Asbestos

41
Q

What enzyme convers pro carcinogens to carcinogens?

A

Cytochrome P460

42
Q

Difference between familial and sporadic mutations of retinoblastoma

A

Familial already has one gene so only requires one hit

Somatic has none, so both mutations to TSG genes required

43
Q

How is Ras involved in cancer?

A

Produces a G protein, relays signal to push the cell past check points umchecked

44
Q

Xerodermo pigmentosum

A

Unable to repair DNA from UV damage so causes skin cancer

Autosomal recessive

45
Q

Hereditary non kyphosis colon cancer

A

Autosomal dominant
Increases colon carcinoma
Cannot mismatch repair

46
Q

Familial breast carcinoma

A

BRCA1/2 gene not activve (they are TSG)

47
Q

6 hallmarks of cancer

A

Self sufficient in growth signals eg HER2
Resistant to anti growth signals
Grow indefinitely eg telomerase gene activation
Sustained angiogenesis
Resistance to apoptosis by BCL2 translation
Invade and produce metastasis

48
Q

THM scale

A

T is size
N is how many nodes affected
M is metastasis or not

49
Q

Using TNM define stages of cancer

A

1 - T1/2, N0, M0
2 - T3/4, N0, M0
3 - Tany, N1, M0
4 - T any, N any, M1

50
Q

Describe Ann Arbor scaling and what type of cancers it is for

A

Liquid cancers
1 - 1 lymph node
2 - 2 lymph nodes on same side of diaphragm
3 - 2 lymph nodes on either side of diaphragm
4 - multiple foci

51
Q

Describe Duke’s system

A

A is invasion into bowel
B is invasion through bowel wall
C is lymph nodes involved
D is mets

52
Q

Bloom Richardson grading

A

Tubule formation
Nuclear variation
Number of mitosis

53
Q

What is methotrexate

A

Anti folate, inhibits DNA synthesis

54
Q

What is cyclophosphamide

A

Cross links 2 strands of DNA and prevents mitosis

55
Q

Hormone therapy for cancer

A

Tamoxifen - antagonism of oestrogen in breast
Herceptin - blocks HER2 receptor
Deprive prostate cancers of testosterone

56
Q

Name a tumour marker

A

HCG from teratogens

Alpha fetoprotin from carcinoma

57
Q

Problems with screening

A

Lead time bias
Length bias
Over diagnosis

ESA2 Unknown (3 decks)

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