MoD Flashcards
Action of p53
Causes release of cytochrome C from mitochondria. (Usually prevented by Bcl2)
This interacts with APAF1 and caspase 9 to form the apoptosome
Changes to cells under light microscope after cell injury
Decreased pink staining as swelling, then increased as ribosomes detach
Name the death ligand in apoptosis
TRAIL
Dystrophic calcification
Calcification occurs in an area of dying tissue
Metastatic calcification
Calcification occurs in living tissue
Aspirin overdose consequences
Causes respiratory alkalosis,
Compensatory metab acidosis, also increase in lactate, pyruvate and ketone bodies
Anti inflammatory drugs
NSAIDS: Aspirin and ibuprofen, blocks the action of prostaglandins and Eicosanoids
Appearance of a simple plaque
Raised and yellow, irregular outline, widely distributed
Describe complicated plaque
Thrombosis, haemorrhage into plaque, calcification, aneurysm formation
Process of atheroma formation
Endothelial injury causes platelet adhesion that releases PDGF, SMC proliferation and migration of macrophages, the accumulation of lipid converts these to foam cells that release cytokines promoting further SMC stimulation and recruitment of other inflammatory cells
Arterial thrombi appearance
Pale, granular, lines of Zahn, low cell content
Appearance of Venous thrombi
Deep red, soft, gelatinous, high cell content
Possible out comes of a thrombus
Lysis, propagation, recanalisation, organisation, embolism
Mechanism of Heparin
Cofactor for anti thrombin 3
Mechanism of warfarin
Interferes with vit K dependant clotting factors
DIC
Disseminated intra vascular coagulation
Haemophilia A and B
A is 8, B is 9
What protein governs the check point of G1
Retinoblastoma protein
Apoplasia
Complete failure of a specific tissue or organ to develop
Hypoplasia
Incomplete development of a tissue or organ
Define neoplasm
Abnormal growth of cells that persists after initial stimulus is removed
Some cellular effects of neoplasm
Nuclear hyperchromasia and more pleomorphism
Benign neoplasm of epithelia
Papilloma
If glandular adenoma
Malignant epithelial neoplams
Carcinoma
Skin is basal cell
Benign and malignant neoplasm of CT
-Oma, -sarcoma
Names of types of CT neoplasms
SMC, fibrous, nerve, nervous sheath
Leiomy-,
Fibro-
Neurofibro-
Neurilemma-
Glial cell neoplasm
Benign - glioma
Malignant - malignant glioma
Lymphoid neoplasm
Lymphoma
Haemopoietic neoplasm
Leukaemia
Plasma cell neoplasm in bone marrow
Myeloma
Neoplasm in nut sack
Teratoma
Neoplasm in ovary
Benign teratoma
What do neoplasm secret to digest basement membrane?
Matrix metalloproteinase
What does hypoxia in a neoplasm cause
Release of VEGF stimulating angiogenesis
How to carcinomas spread?
Lymph
How do sarcomas spread?
Blood
Comman sites for metastasis?
Lung, bone, liver, brain
Haematological systemic effects of a neoplasm
Anaemia, decreased white cell and platelet count, thrombosis
Systemic effects of neoplasm to skin
Jaundice,increased pigmentation, itching
What is the local killing factor of neoplasms?
Increased ICP, perforation, haemorrhage
Example of neoplasm initiators
Aromatic hydrocarbons and amines
Asbestos
What enzyme convers pro carcinogens to carcinogens?
Cytochrome P460
Difference between familial and sporadic mutations of retinoblastoma
Familial already has one gene so only requires one hit
Somatic has none, so both mutations to TSG genes required
How is Ras involved in cancer?
Produces a G protein, relays signal to push the cell past check points umchecked
Xerodermo pigmentosum
Unable to repair DNA from UV damage so causes skin cancer
Autosomal recessive
Hereditary non kyphosis colon cancer
Autosomal dominant
Increases colon carcinoma
Cannot mismatch repair
Familial breast carcinoma
BRCA1/2 gene not activve (they are TSG)
6 hallmarks of cancer
Self sufficient in growth signals eg HER2
Resistant to anti growth signals
Grow indefinitely eg telomerase gene activation
Sustained angiogenesis
Resistance to apoptosis by BCL2 translation
Invade and produce metastasis
THM scale
T is size
N is how many nodes affected
M is metastasis or not
Using TNM define stages of cancer
1 - T1/2, N0, M0
2 - T3/4, N0, M0
3 - Tany, N1, M0
4 - T any, N any, M1
Describe Ann Arbor scaling and what type of cancers it is for
Liquid cancers
1 - 1 lymph node
2 - 2 lymph nodes on same side of diaphragm
3 - 2 lymph nodes on either side of diaphragm
4 - multiple foci
Describe Duke’s system
A is invasion into bowel
B is invasion through bowel wall
C is lymph nodes involved
D is mets
Bloom Richardson grading
Tubule formation
Nuclear variation
Number of mitosis
What is methotrexate
Anti folate, inhibits DNA synthesis
What is cyclophosphamide
Cross links 2 strands of DNA and prevents mitosis
Hormone therapy for cancer
Tamoxifen - antagonism of oestrogen in breast
Herceptin - blocks HER2 receptor
Deprive prostate cancers of testosterone
Name a tumour marker
HCG from teratogens
Alpha fetoprotin from carcinoma
Problems with screening
Lead time bias
Length bias
Over diagnosis
