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ESA2 Unknown > M&R > Flashcards

M&R Flashcards

0
Q

Type of phospholipid not based on glycerol

A

Sphingomyelin

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1
Q

Types of phospholipid head groups

A

Choline, amines, aa, sugars

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2
Q

Monomer head group sugar on phospholipid

A

Cerebrosides

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3
Q

Oligosacharides head group sugar on phospholipid

A

Gangliosides

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4
Q

How proteins and cholesterol interact in a membrane

A

Proteins separate into cholesterol poor regions

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5
Q

How cholesterol abolishes endothermic phase

A

Reduces chain motion

Reduces packaging

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6
Q

Erythrocytes cytoskeleton

A

Band 3 on Ankyrin on Spectrin

Glycoproteins A on band 4 on Actin

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7
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Depleted Spectrin

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8
Q

Hereditary eliptocytosis

A

Spectrin can’t form heterotramers and so are fragile elliptoid cells

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9
Q

Conct of Na in and out of cell

A

In - 12mM

Out - 145mM

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10
Q

In and out cont of Cl

A

In 4.2mM

Out 123mM

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11
Q

In and out cont of Ca

A

In 10 power -7 M

Out 1.5mM

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12
Q

In and out conct of K

A

In 155mM

Out 4mM

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13
Q

PMCA

A

Plasma membrane Ca ATPase
Expels 1Ca for 1H
High affinity low capacity

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14
Q

SERCA

A

Sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca ATPase

High affinity low capacity

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15
Q

NCX

A

Na/Ca exchanger
1ca out 3na in
Low affinity, high capacity

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16
Q

NHE

A

Na/H exchanger

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17
Q

NBC

A

Sodium bicarbonate co transporter

1NaHCO3 in, 1HCl out

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18
Q

AE

A

Anion Exchanger

1HCO3 out, 1Cl in

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19
Q

Loop diuretics

A

Reduce uptake of Na in thickascending limb

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20
Q

Bicarbonate reabsorption by proximal tubule

A

NHE pumps H into lumen
Picks up HCO3 and -> H2O and CO2
Then diffuses across and forms H2CO3 in the cell
Goes into capillary via AE

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21
Q

RMP of SMC and cardiac and skeletal

A

SMC -50

Skeletal and cardia -80/-90

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22
Q

Excitatory synapse cause…

Transmitters

A

Depolarisation

Acetylcholine and glutamate

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23
Q

Inhibitory synapses cause…

Transmitters

A

Hyperpolarisations

Glycine, GABA

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24
Q

V gated Na chan structure

A

1 peptide

4 homologous repeats of 6 transmembrane domains(one of which is V sensitive)

25
Q

Example of a local anaesthetic and the order they affect

A

Procaine
Small myelinated, non myelinated, large myelinated
Hence sensory before motor
No cross membrane in unionised form and has higher affinity for inactive Na channels

26
Q

Release of neurotransmitters at synapse

A

Vesicle binds to synaptotagmin, forms a snare complex

27
Q

Eg of competitive neurotransmitter blocker

A

Tubocurarine, binds at Ach site

28
Q

Eg of depolarising blockers and how they work

A

Succinylcholine

Maintain depolarisation at post synaptic, hence accommodation

29
Q

Eg of Ca buffers

A

Parvalbumin, calbindin, calsequestrin

30
Q

How mitochondria replenishes SR Ca store

A

SOC, store operated Ca channels

31
Q

Action of tyrosine kinase

A

Autophosphorylates itself
Activates trans ducking proteins then enzymes by tyrosine phosphorylation
OR directly to enzymes with SH2 domains

32
Q

G protein full name

A

Guanine nucleotide binding protein

33
Q

How intra cellular receptors remain inactive

A

Heat shock or chaperone proteins in their resting state

34
Q

Define pinocytosis

A

Invagination of plasma membrane to form a lipid vehicle so restore its size

35
Q

Name a virus that abuses the shit out of RME

A

Cholera and diphtheria

36
Q

Gq effects

A

PIP2 -> IP3 and DAG

IP3 acts on ER receptors, increases Ca in cytoplasm

37
Q

Rhodopsin effect

A

Gt,

Cyclic GMP to 5’- GMP

38
Q

Gs final effects in general

A

Increase glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, relaxation of SMC, positive ionotrophy and chronotropic,

39
Q

Increased phospholipase C action

A

Contraction of cell

40
Q

how cholera targets G proteins

A

G alpha ATPase is inactivated hence G protein irreversibly active

41
Q

How pertussus toxin effects G proteins

A

Interferes with GDP/GTP exchange so irreversibly inactive

42
Q

How effects of G protein are cancelled

A

G protein phosphorylates agonist so it is now inactive

High rate of enzymes to return the cell to its basal state

43
Q

How B1 acts on heart

A

Increases activity of VOCCs via Gs, influx of Ca so positive ionotropy

44
Q

Mew opioid receptor activators and how

A

Opioids or analgesics (morphine) can couple to Galpha and interact with VOCCs reducing neurotransmitter release

45
Q

Response conct curves, drug axis

A

Log

46
Q

Difference fe between drug and conct response curves

A

Drug used for tissues

Dose for whole organism

47
Q

EC50 is a measure of…

A

Potency

A combination of affinity, efficacy and no of receptors

48
Q

2 asthma drugs and their properties

A

Salbutamol - poor B2 selectivity, but great efficacy and route of admin
Salmeterol - great B2 selectivity but no selective efficacy

49
Q

Partial agonists

A

Cannot produce Emax

50
Q

Mew opioid agonists for pain relief and an antagonist

A

Buprenorphine is partial agonist so causes less respiratory depression then morphine, but it might not be sufficient pain relief
Antagonist to prevent resp depression is naloxone (eg of reversible competitive antagonism)

51
Q

Eg of irreversible competitive antagonism

A

Phenoxybenzamine, used for hypertension from adrenal tumour, as NA causes too much vasoconstriction

52
Q

Definition of pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug

53
Q

Therapeutic Ratio

A

LD50/ED50

54
Q

Drug distribution

A

Theoretical volume at which a drug has distributed assuming that this occurs instantly

55
Q

Object and precipitnt drugs

A

Object (class1) used at lower dose than albumin binging sites
Precipitant (class2) used at no of binding sites so displacing object drug,
Causes higher risk of toxicity

56
Q

First order kinetics

A

Conct drug < Km
Metab proportional to conct of drug
Straight line on log scale, curve on normals.
Gives predictable therapeutic response

57
Q

Zero order kinetics

A

Conct drug > Km
Enzyme saturated, rate of decline of drug is constant regardless of conct of drug
Straight line on normal graph
Therapeutic ratio can escalate quickly

58
Q

Loading dose

A

If an immediate response is used

59
Q

Enzyme inducer and inhibitor on warfarin

A

Phenobarbitone induces

Cimetidine inhibits enzyme activity on it

60
Q

Weak acids in the kidney

A

Stay in tubule if urine is alkaline as it becomes ionised eg aspirin
Visa versa for bases eg amphetamine

ESA2 Unknown (3 decks)

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