M&R Flashcards
Type of phospholipid not based on glycerol
Sphingomyelin
Types of phospholipid head groups
Choline, amines, aa, sugars
Monomer head group sugar on phospholipid
Cerebrosides
Oligosacharides head group sugar on phospholipid
Gangliosides
How proteins and cholesterol interact in a membrane
Proteins separate into cholesterol poor regions
How cholesterol abolishes endothermic phase
Reduces chain motion
Reduces packaging
Erythrocytes cytoskeleton
Band 3 on Ankyrin on Spectrin
Glycoproteins A on band 4 on Actin
Hereditary spherocytosis
Depleted Spectrin
Hereditary eliptocytosis
Spectrin can’t form heterotramers and so are fragile elliptoid cells
Conct of Na in and out of cell
In - 12mM
Out - 145mM
In and out cont of Cl
In 4.2mM
Out 123mM
In and out cont of Ca
In 10 power -7 M
Out 1.5mM
In and out conct of K
In 155mM
Out 4mM
PMCA
Plasma membrane Ca ATPase
Expels 1Ca for 1H
High affinity low capacity
SERCA
Sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca ATPase
High affinity low capacity
NCX
Na/Ca exchanger
1ca out 3na in
Low affinity, high capacity
NHE
Na/H exchanger
NBC
Sodium bicarbonate co transporter
1NaHCO3 in, 1HCl out
AE
Anion Exchanger
1HCO3 out, 1Cl in
Loop diuretics
Reduce uptake of Na in thickascending limb
Bicarbonate reabsorption by proximal tubule
NHE pumps H into lumen
Picks up HCO3 and -> H2O and CO2
Then diffuses across and forms H2CO3 in the cell
Goes into capillary via AE
RMP of SMC and cardiac and skeletal
SMC -50
Skeletal and cardia -80/-90
Excitatory synapse cause…
Transmitters
Depolarisation
Acetylcholine and glutamate
Inhibitory synapses cause…
Transmitters
Hyperpolarisations
Glycine, GABA
V gated Na chan structure
1 peptide
4 homologous repeats of 6 transmembrane domains(one of which is V sensitive)
Example of a local anaesthetic and the order they affect
Procaine
Small myelinated, non myelinated, large myelinated
Hence sensory before motor
No cross membrane in unionised form and has higher affinity for inactive Na channels
Release of neurotransmitters at synapse
Vesicle binds to synaptotagmin, forms a snare complex
Eg of competitive neurotransmitter blocker
Tubocurarine, binds at Ach site
Eg of depolarising blockers and how they work
Succinylcholine
Maintain depolarisation at post synaptic, hence accommodation
Eg of Ca buffers
Parvalbumin, calbindin, calsequestrin
How mitochondria replenishes SR Ca store
SOC, store operated Ca channels
Action of tyrosine kinase
Autophosphorylates itself
Activates trans ducking proteins then enzymes by tyrosine phosphorylation
OR directly to enzymes with SH2 domains
G protein full name
Guanine nucleotide binding protein
How intra cellular receptors remain inactive
Heat shock or chaperone proteins in their resting state
Define pinocytosis
Invagination of plasma membrane to form a lipid vehicle so restore its size
Name a virus that abuses the shit out of RME
Cholera and diphtheria
Gq effects
PIP2 -> IP3 and DAG
IP3 acts on ER receptors, increases Ca in cytoplasm
Rhodopsin effect
Gt,
Cyclic GMP to 5’- GMP
Gs final effects in general
Increase glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, relaxation of SMC, positive ionotrophy and chronotropic,
Increased phospholipase C action
Contraction of cell
how cholera targets G proteins
G alpha ATPase is inactivated hence G protein irreversibly active
How pertussus toxin effects G proteins
Interferes with GDP/GTP exchange so irreversibly inactive
How effects of G protein are cancelled
G protein phosphorylates agonist so it is now inactive
High rate of enzymes to return the cell to its basal state
How B1 acts on heart
Increases activity of VOCCs via Gs, influx of Ca so positive ionotropy
Mew opioid receptor activators and how
Opioids or analgesics (morphine) can couple to Galpha and interact with VOCCs reducing neurotransmitter release
Response conct curves, drug axis
Log
Difference fe between drug and conct response curves
Drug used for tissues
Dose for whole organism
EC50 is a measure of…
Potency
A combination of affinity, efficacy and no of receptors
2 asthma drugs and their properties
Salbutamol - poor B2 selectivity, but great efficacy and route of admin
Salmeterol - great B2 selectivity but no selective efficacy
Partial agonists
Cannot produce Emax
Mew opioid agonists for pain relief and an antagonist
Buprenorphine is partial agonist so causes less respiratory depression then morphine, but it might not be sufficient pain relief
Antagonist to prevent resp depression is naloxone (eg of reversible competitive antagonism)
Eg of irreversible competitive antagonism
Phenoxybenzamine, used for hypertension from adrenal tumour, as NA causes too much vasoconstriction
Definition of pharmacokinetics
What the body does to the drug
Therapeutic Ratio
LD50/ED50
Drug distribution
Theoretical volume at which a drug has distributed assuming that this occurs instantly
Object and precipitnt drugs
Object (class1) used at lower dose than albumin binging sites
Precipitant (class2) used at no of binding sites so displacing object drug,
Causes higher risk of toxicity
First order kinetics
Conct drug < Km
Metab proportional to conct of drug
Straight line on log scale, curve on normals.
Gives predictable therapeutic response
Zero order kinetics
Conct drug > Km
Enzyme saturated, rate of decline of drug is constant regardless of conct of drug
Straight line on normal graph
Therapeutic ratio can escalate quickly
Loading dose
If an immediate response is used
Enzyme inducer and inhibitor on warfarin
Phenobarbitone induces
Cimetidine inhibits enzyme activity on it
Weak acids in the kidney
Stay in tubule if urine is alkaline as it becomes ionised eg aspirin
Visa versa for bases eg amphetamine
