- reduced HR - occurs as the anaesthetic plan gets deepeer

- HR exceeeds nromal rate - occurs when the anaesethic plane = too light

- dicolouration of mucous membrane - result from reduced hameoglobin inblood - imparting purplish cast to tissue

MOD 20 - COURSE 4/5 - PT 1 - MONITORING ANAESTHESIA Flashcards by Emma Morris

WHATS THE FIRST PRICNIPLE OF ANAESTHEITC MONITORING

ensure the level of surgical anaesethesia = consistent with welfare of aniamls
required monitoring anasthetic influence on CNS - depth of anaesthesia

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what is another damager of anaesthetisaia apart formdepth

depresseive effect on cardiovsacular and resp system

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what vital signs need to monitored belonging to the body systems

cardiovascular system
respiratory system
CNS

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what is bradycardia

reduced HR - occurs as the anaesthetic plan gets deepeer

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what is thachycardia

HR exceeeds nromal rate - occurs when the anaesethic plane = too light

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what are some causes of bradycardia

too deep anaesthesia
hypertension
elevated intracranial pressure
vagal reflec
hypothermia
myocardial ischemia
drug effect

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what are causes of tachycardia

too light anaesthesia
- pain
- hypotensions
- hypoxia
- ischemia
- acute anaphylactic reaction
- aneamia
- fever
- hypokalemia
- drug effects

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how can you measure pulse stregnth and regularity

dtermined by digital palpitation of pulse from accessible site - i.e. femoral, aurcrular or tail artery

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how do you interpret pulse strength

0 intensity of palpated pulse = function of magnitude of pulse pressure
- pulse pressure = numerical difference bewenn systeolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure
- larger - the systolic/diastolic difference - stornger hte pulse feels

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whats the capillary refil time

time taken for muscous membrane colour to return to normal afet releasing digital pressure - aplied to emmerbane - sufficient to blanch of colour

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whats a normal CRT capillary refil time

less thnan 2.5 seconds

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what does Cpaillary refil time indicate

peripheral perfusion

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what does prolonged CRT means

hypotensions/low cardiac output

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how can you assess the respiratory system

observational tehcniques = respiratory rate
ventilation and mucsous memrbrane colour = oxygenations

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what is cyanosis

dicolouration of mucous membrane - result from reduced hameoglobin inblood - imparting purplish cast to tissue

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is there is 5gr/dl of heamoglobin blood becoming unoxygenated what will occur

cyantic mucous memrbane

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as a general rule how does anaesethic effect repiration

respiration rate - decreases with increasing with anaesthetic depth - as it is a repiratory depressant

how does anaesthesia effect CNS

suppresses level of consciousness, pain perception, muscle tone, and reflexes - suppresses CNS 0 which control homeostatis ssytem within body

what are 3 imporatn effects on tehCNS does anaesethics have - for monitors

thermoregulation
repsonse to painful stimuli
alteration in eye reflexes

what reflexes can you check for while under anasesthesia

palpebral
pedal
jaw tone

how can you test the palpebral refelx

blink reflex
tocuh the later and medial canthus of the eyes and look for blink reponse
if animal blinks = may be to light

how do yuo test pedal reflex

pinch toe or finger and look for animal to pull the limb away
NOT DIMINISHED UNDER KETAMINE

how do yuo test for the jaw tone relfex

ease which you can opens the anaimsl mouth
varies with depth of anaesthesia
veyr subjective - look for general increase or decrease
watch your fingers

what is number 10 standard conditions attached to personal licence

when anaesethic use d- general or locak - shall be provided to as a sufficent depth - prevent aniaml = being aware of pain arising during procedure

how can hypothermia be caused by anaesthesia

- lack of CNS regulation - thermoregulation - prolong animal recoevry from anaesthesia - if severe - result in death of aniaml - direct and indirect effect on research data - effect on alaot of biological processes

what can be used to avoid hypothermia

- suplemetnal heating - heat lamps, blankets - thermometer - placed - do nto want to exceeed 37'C - insulation - effect for small rodents - cotton wall - outer layer of foil - other insulating materials - after wrapping anaimsl - window =cute - expose operative field - dont leav etail ou t

what type of affect does the anaesthetics have on cardiovascular function

depressive

whats the common cause of cardiac failure when anaesthesia

- overdose

what are some commone cardiac issue srelated to anaesthesia

- cardiac arrythmia - occur due to hypoxia - and hypercarpnia (increase CO2) caused by rep failure - loss of blood/ bodily fluid - result in reduction in circulating blood volume - and cardiovascular failure = occur - progressive circulatory failure - detected by Capillary refil tiem - - severe circulatory failure - asscoaited with fall in peripheral teos - aniaml limb = cool to touch

what are some corrective actions taken for cardiovascular failure

- - immediate priority - ensure unobstructed irway preferably by endortachea intubation - aniamls lungs - should be ventilated - 100% o2 - or at least should be administered via face mask - if complete cardiac arrest - external cardiac massage - larger species - complressions 60-70compressions/min - smaller aniamls - chest = held between thumb and forefinger - area over heart = compressed regularly adn rapidily - 90 times/min - IV line = inserted for drug adn fluid therapy

whats hypovolaemia

- reduce circulating volume -

what can hypovolaemia cause

- consider possible primary cause of cardiovascular failure

what is routine for replacing volume

- route fluid = replaced at rate of 10ml/kg of body weight per hour - using either hartmanns solution or 0.9% saline - make sure warm fluid =administered

how is donor aniamls blood collected

- same specieis = collected in same species collected in acid citrate dextrose solutions

what is the rate of blood replacment

- 10% of calculated blood volume every 30-60 minsw

what is the protocol fo severe rapid haemorrage?

estimate blood volume = transfused rapidly

what must be recorded before anaesthesia

- respiratory rate - so depression can be minitored

what percentage of respiratory rate decrease indicates impending respiraotry failure in rabbits and rodents

less than 40% of pre ananesthestic rate

what is indicative of onset of severe hypoxia

- noticable blue colouration of visible mucous membrane

what drop of O2 saturation will fall before any evidence of cyanosis is detected

below 50%

what are some potential corrective actions for respiratory distress

- if volatile agents anaesthetics - reduce concentration to 0 - if injectable agent = administered - consider reversal of agent- if O2 = not administered - by O2 supply = avialable - try to administer 100% O2 as soon as possible - - continure using assisting ventilation - respiration = stimulated by administration of an analeptic - i.e. drug with a aCNS stimulating effect i.e. DOXAPRAM