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CELL MOL LEC > Mod 2 Topic 2 > Flashcards

Mod 2 Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • biological medium here on Earth
  • most abundant substance in living systems
  • making up 70% or more of the weight of most organisms
A

water

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2
Q

Water has four emergent properties:

A
  1. Cohesion and Adhesion of Water Molecules
  2. Moderation of Temperature by Water
  3. Evaporative Cooling of Water
  4. Water as the Solvent of Life
    (read more sa notes)
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3
Q
  • are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides
  • they store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
A

nucleic acid

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4
Q
  • a nucleotide is composed of three parts
A

a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups

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5
Q
  • has one six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
A

pyrimidine

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6
Q

members of
pyrimidine are

A

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

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7
Q
  • are larger, with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
A

adenine, and guanine

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8
Q

_______, ________, _________are found in both DNA and RNA
__________ in DNA
__________ in RNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine
Thymine (DNA)
Uracil (RNA)

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9
Q

two sugar phosphate backbones run in arrangement called ________

A

antiparallel

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10
Q
  • a biologically functional molecule that consists of one
    or more polypeptides (polymers of amino acids), each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
A

proteins

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11
Q

roughly spherical proteins
shaped like long fibers

A

globular proteins
fibrous proteins

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12
Q

folding of proteins are done by

A

chaperonins

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13
Q

unravels and loses its native shape by a process called

A

denaturation

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14
Q

it is a linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence

A

Primary structure

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15
Q

This is collectively referred to as coils and folds, which are the result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone

A

Secondary structure

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16
Q

a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino
acid

A

a- helix

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17
Q

two or more strands of the polyopeptide chain lying side by side (called b strands) are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbones

A

b pleated sheet

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18
Q

It is the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the various amino acids

A

Tertiary structure

19
Q

caused by the exclusion of nonpolar substances by the
water molecules

A

Hydrophobic interaction

20
Q

_____________ are between polar side chains and ____________ are between positively and negatively charged side chains

A

Hydrogen and ionic bonds

21
Q

are formed when two cysteine monomers which have sulfhydryl groups (-SH) on their side chains are brought closer together by the folding of protein

A

Disulfide bridges

22
Q

It is the overall protein structure that results from the
aggregation of these polypeptide subunits

A

Quaternary structure

23
Q

Proteins function as

A

enzymes
storage of amino acids
coordinator of an organism’s activities
movement
protection against disease
transport of substances
response of cell to a chemical stimuli
support

24
Q
  • are the one class of biomolecules that does not include true polymers, and they
    are generally not big enough to be considered as macromolecules
  • They are grouped together
    because they mixed poorly with water
A

Lipids

25
Q

These are not polymers but are large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by
dehydration reaction

A

Fats

26
Q

A fat is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules:

A

glycerol and
fatty acids

27
Q

an alcohol; each of its three carbons bear a hydroxyl group

A

Glycerol

28
Q

has a long carbon skeleton, having a carbon at one end which is a part of the carboxyl group

A

fatty acid

29
Q

These are formed if there are no double bonds between
carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are
bonded to the carbon skeleton.

A

Saturated fatty acid

30
Q

It has one or more double bonds , with one fewer
hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon. Its double bonds are cis which has
kinks to prevent the molecules from packing together closely enough to solidify at
room temperature

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

31
Q

is similar to a fat molecule but has only two
fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three. The two ends of phospholipids show
different behavior toward water.

A

Phospholipids

32
Q

When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble
into double-layered structures called

A

bilayers

33
Q

These are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.
Different steroids are distinguished by the chemical groups attached to the rings

A

Steroids

34
Q

a steroid, is a crucial molecule in animals since it is a component of animal cell membranes
and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized, such as the sex
hormones

A

Cholesterol

35
Q

include both sugars and polymers of sugars

A

Carbohydrates

36
Q

the monomers from
which more complex carbohydrates are constructed

A

monosaccharides, or simple sugars

37
Q

double sugars,
consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

A

Disaccharides

38
Q

polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

A

polysaccharides

39
Q

these are simple sugars which generally have formulas that are some
multiple of the unit CH2O

A

Monosaccharides

40
Q

the most common monosaccharide, is of
central importance in the chemistry of life

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

41
Q

consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, a
covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction

A

Disaccharides

42
Q

are macromolecules, polymers with a few thousand monosaccharides
joined by linkages

A

Polysaccharides

43
Q
A

CELL MOL LEC (3 decks)

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