Mod 1 Topic 1 Flashcards
smallest unit of living thing
basic building blocks of all organisms
cell
made up of one cell
bacteria
made up of many cells
animals
a living thing whether made of one cell or many cells
organism
several cells of one kind that interconnected with each other and perform a shared function
tissues
several tissues combine to form an
organ
several
organs make up an organ-systems that functions together to form an
organism
types
of cells all grouped into one of two broad categories
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
both animal and plant
cells are classified as
eukaryotic
bacterial cells are classified as
prokaryotic
protect the surface of the body and cover the organs and body cavities within
epithelial cells
help to support and protect the body
bone cells
-a Dutch shopkeeper who had great skill in crafting lenses
-despite the limitations of
his now-ancient lenses, he observed the movements of protista (a type of single-celled organism) and
sperm, which he collectively termed “animalcules”
- discovered bacteria and protozoa
antony van leeuwenhoek 1600s
-a 1665 publication called Micrographia
- coined the
term “cell” for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens
robert hooke
- studying
tissues and proposed the unified cell theory
botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann
the cell theory:
- The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things.
- All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
- Cells are from other cells through cellular division.
- Cells carry genetic material passed to daughter cells during cellular division.
- All cells are essentially the same in chemical composition.
- Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
Each cell is surrounded by a ________ and contains parts called _________________
membrane, cellular organelles
has an absence of nucleus, making its DNA location
different and can travel openly around the cell
prokaryotic cells
- a double-layer of phospholipids with associated proteins and other molecules
- essentially the “bag”
that holds all of the intracellular material and regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell
plasma membrane/cell membrane
- gel-like fluid that the cell is filled with, and is inside the plasma membrane
- where all of the cellular organelles suspended within
cytoplasm
- scaffolding provides structural support to
the cell and plays a role in cell division
cytoskeletal proteins
- tiny protein-making machines that carry out the genetic
instructions of the cell - manufacturing department of the cell
ribosomes
- which is the region
of the prokaryotic cytoplasm that contains the genome—the main genetic material (DNA) of
the cell and typically have a single, circular chromosome
nucleoid
- a non-essential piece of DNA that confers an advantage to the bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance, virulence (the ability to cause disease) and conjugation (a bacterium’s ability to share its plasmids with other bacteria)
plasmids
- a layer outside of the cell wall, and present in some bacteria
glycocalyx
two types of glycocalyx
slime layers and capsules
- help bacteria stick to things and protect them from drying out, particularly in hypertonic environments
slime layers
- allow bacteria to stick to things, but have the added benefit of helping encapsulated bacteria hide from the host’s immune system
capsules
- made of delicate protein strands and there are several
different types of cell extensions associated with bacteria
cell extensions
- these are long whip-like extensions that help bacteria move about the
environment
flagella
- these are also flagella but are wrapped around
corkscrew-shaped bacteria and move in waves making the bacteria spin
endoflagella (axial filaments)
- much more organelles
- organelles are membrane-bound making it intact
- much bigger in size and its nucleus is present containing
DNA
eukaryotic cells
Animal cells and plant cells are both ____________. They both have a defined nucleus
and other membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotic
Unlike plant cells, animal cells do not have a ________________
cell wall
- contains all the genetic material called DNA in a cell
- DNA contains all the
instructions for making proteins which control all of the body’s activities - manager’s office of the cell
nucleus
- a double membrane enclosing the nucleus and is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
- it is perforated by pores which permit the entry and
exit of some molecules
nuclear envelope
- it is a non-membranous structure involved in the synthesis of ribosomes
- it is within the nucleus and the nucleus has one or more nucleoli
nucleolus
- it is a material consisting of DNA and proteins, and is visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes
chromatin
- is a network of flattened, membrane-bound sacs and tubes that are involved in the production, processing, and transport of proteins that
have been synthesized by ribosomes - assembly line of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
- has ribosomes attached to the surface of the sacs and is involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and dispatch
rough ER
- does not have ribosomes attached and is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones
smooth ER
- receives proteins from the ER and folds, sorts, and packages these proteins into vesicles
- shipping department of the cell, as it packages proteins up for delivery to their destinations
- an organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting and secretion of cell products
golgi apparatus/golgi complex/ golgi body
- these are specialized vesicles that contain digestive enzymes and are used extensively within the cell for metabolism and transport of large molecules that cannot cross the membrane unaided
- disposal/recycling department of the cell
- enzymes can break down large molecules like organelles, carbohydrates, lipids, and
proteins into smaller units so that the cell can reuse them
lysosome
- energy-producing organelles
- “the powerhouse of the cell”
- where the process of cellular respiration happens
mitochondria
three types of cytoskeletal filaments
microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
- gel-like liquid contained within cells
- consists primarily of water, but also contains ions, proteins, and small molecules, with a pH level of 7
cytoplasm
- a network of filaments and tubules found throughout the
cytoplasm of the cell - it gives the cell shape, provides strength, stabilizes tissues, anchors organelles
within the cell, and has a role in cell signaling
cytoskeleton
- surrounds the entire cell and separates its components from
the outer environment - a double layer made up of phospholipids and is selectively permeable
cell membrane
- organelle with various specialized metabolic functions and produces hydrogen
peroxide as a by-product, the converts it to water
peroxisome
- projections that increase the cell’s surface area
microvilli
- region where the cell’s microtubules are initiated and it contains a pair of
centrioles
centrosome
- the motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane
flagellum
- the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Plantae
- eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus along with specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions
plant cells
plant cells are ________________ because they use light
energy from the sun to produce glucose
photoautotrophic
the cell wall then pushes against the walls of other
cells, creating a force known as ________________
turgor pressure
- specialized disk-shaped organelles surrounded by a double membrane
- found in only in plants and some types of algae
- organelles carry out the process of photosynthesis
chloroplasts
- a fluid matrix at the center of the chloroplast that is enclosed by the double membrane
stroma
- a fluid matrix at the center of the chloroplast that is enclosed by the double membrane
- a high concentration of chlorophyll and carotenoids
thylakoids
- a small sphere of plasma membrane within the cell that can contain fluid, ions, and other molecules
vacuoles
- a layer found on the outside of the plant cell that gives it strength and also maintains high turgidity
- contains mainly cellulose, along with other molecules like hemicellulose, pectin, and lignins
cell wall
bacterial cell wall contains __________
peptidoglycan
- a flexible layer formed on the outside of a growing plant cell
primary cell wall
- a tough, thick layer formed inside the primary plant cell wall when the cell is mature
secondary cell wall
- cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
plasmodesmata
