MOD 2 PPTX

Question 1

1.environment of the cell
2.continuous supply of nutrients(oxygen,glucose and amino acid
3. constant removal of metabolic waste. (CO2 )

Answer 1

Normal function of cell is dependent on

Question 2

extracellular/intercellular fluid –fluid outside cells or fluid in spaces between cells.
intracellular fluid –fluid inside cells
nucleus – stains blue to purple with hematoxyllin stain due to acidic components of nucleic acids
cytoplasm – stains red to pink with eosin stain due to alkaline components in cytosol

Answer 2

Scope of Histopathological Evaluation

Question 3

cell will adapt or die (degeneration
reaction pattern is often limited
cellular tissue responses depend on the type, duration and severity of insult

Answer 3

Principle of cellular or tissue responses to injury

Question 4

1. physical - extreme heat or cold , sudden changes in pressure, electrical currents.
   2.Chemical – like arsenic, mercury & cynanide which interfere with cellular metabolism (>atp,cells die), some causes direct injury others are converted into inactive metabolites(alcohol acetaldehyde)
   3.Nutritional- such as protein,vit & mineraldefficiencies which causes interference to the metabololic pathway.
   4.Infectious caused by pathogens
   5.Hypoxia

Answer 4

General causes of cellular and tissue injuries

Question 5

Ischemia/ local anemia is due to partial obstruction of blood vessel.
Hypoxemia is due to decreased environmental oxygen or hemoglobin problems
Oxidative phosphorylation ( cyanide poisoning)

Answer 5

Forms of hypoxia

Question 6

Inflammatory mediators interferon and interleukin, which can alter both gene expression & cellular metabolism
Activation component, which directly attack cell surface membrane
Cytotoxic T cell & NK cell, which directly attack target cells and initiate self destructive cascade

Answer 6

Immune - mediated

Question 7

1.Cell membrane (plasma & organelle membrane)
2.DNA of chromosome
3.Proteins (structural & enzyme)
4.Mitochondria(oxidative phosphorylation)

Answer 7

Principal Structural Targets in cell upon Injury

Question 8

1. Mitochondrial damage resulting to low ATP synthesis
2. Disturbances of Ca homeostasis (due to massive cell accumulation)
3. Loss of membrane permeability
   4.Enzymatic activation
   5.Reduced protein synthesis
4. Anaerobic metabolism causing lactic acid & phosphate build up
5. Accumulation of fatty acid

Answer 8

Mechanism Associated with cell injury

Question 9

1. Absorption of irradiation (OH and H)
2. Endogenous normal metabolic reaction (O2 and H2O2
3. Transition metals (Fe)
4. Nitrous oxide (vasodilator)
   5.Toxin ( carbon dioxide)

Answer 9

Process of Free Radical Generation

Question 10

1. spontaneous decay
2. antioxidant – Vit e,A,ascorbic acid, gluthatione
   3.Storage proteins- transferrin, ferritin,ceruplasmin
   4.Enzymes- catalase, SOD (superoxide dismutase), gluthathione peroxidase.

Answer 10

Process of Normal free radical removal in tissues