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Pathophysiology > Mod 2 Defenses > Flashcards

Mod 2 Defenses Flashcards

1
Q

First Line of Defence included

A

Mechanical (physical) barriers:
Epidermis of skin
Mucous membranes
Mucous
Cilia
Hairs
Lacrimal apparatus
Perspiration
Saliva
Urine
Defecation and vomiting
Chemical Barriers associated with skin and mucous membranes:
Sebum/cerumen
Lysozyme
Gastric juice
Vagina secretions
Semen
Normal microbiome

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2
Q

Epidermis of skin

A

Intact epidermis is your best barrier to infection, keratin helps prevent drying

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3
Q

Mucous membranes/ mucous

A

Not as effective as epidermis
Includes flushing mechanism (ie copious volume of secretion to help dilute and remove foreign agent)
Often works with Cilicia
Secretions may contain proteolytic enzymes
Gi tract, resp, urinary, reproductive

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4
Q

Cilia

A

Transport foreign agents trapped by mucous
Upper resp tract, reproductive tract

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5
Q

Hairs

A

Trap foreign agent, filter dust
Nose and ear

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6
Q

Lacrimal apparatus (tears)

A

Flushing, use tears to dilute and remove foreign agent

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7
Q

Perspiration

A

Flushing, use of sweat to dilute and remove foreign agent

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8
Q

Saliva

A

Flushing and acidic pH (natural bacteriocidal) used to dilute, help destroy, and remove foreign agent

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9
Q

Urine

A

Flushing and acidic pH used to dilute, help destroy, and remove foreign agent

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10
Q

Degradation and vomiting

A

Flushing to dilute and remove foreign agent
Acidic pH of gastric acid and bile acid help to destroy foreign agent

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11
Q

Chemical barriers

A

Chemicals are toxic to pathogens, some are proteolytic enzymes (enzymes are cytotoxic, cytolytic) or aid in the repair process
Acidic pH inhibits bacterial growth (natural bacteriocidal)

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12
Q

Sebum/cerumen

A

Oily, acidic pH

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13
Q

Lysozyme

A

Antimicrobial enzyme (helps break down cell walls of bacteria)
Found in saliva, tears, perspiration, nasal secretions, and tissue fluids

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14
Q

Gastric juice

A

Acidic pH (HCL); pH 1.8-3.2, helps denature microbial proteins

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15
Q

Vaginal secretions

A

Mucous, acidic pH and antimicrobial properties

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16
Q

Semen

A

Alkaline pH and antimicrobial properties

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17
Q

Normal microbiome

A

Normally non-pathogenic; help prevent infections by more virulent microbes such as GI acidophilus and lactobacillus, and vaginal tract lactobacillus
Helps educate the child’s immune system to foreign agents

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18
Q

Second line of defence

A

1.Antimicrobial substances:
Cytokines
Chemokines
Complement system
2.Cellular defences of innate immunity:
Natural killer NK cells
Phagocytic cells
3. Inflammatory response
4. Fever (pyrexia)

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19
Q

Cytokines

A

-Short acting family of chemicals secreted by WBC’s
-Involved in WBC communication and inflammatory responses (part of plasma protein system some pro inflammatory some anti inflammatory)
- Help turn on adaptive responses
-interleukins, interferons, Timor necrosis factor, transforming growth factor

20
Q

Interleukins

A

Stimulate WBC production m, WBC chemotaxis, innate and adaptive immune responses

21
Q

Interferons

A

Antivirals that protect uninfected host cells from viral infection and prevent viral muliplication

22
Q

Tumor necrosis factor

A

Stimulates synthesis of inflammatory plasma proteins in liver, induces fever, causes muscle wasting, and intravascular thrombosis

23
Q

Transforming growth factor

A

Involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, immunoregulation, and cancer

24
Q

Chemokines

A

Made by macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in response to inflammation
Chemotactic - act as chemoattractants to attract WBCs to wound site

25
Q

Complement system

A

Complex cascade of plasma proteins primarily made by liver
Once activated, aid in destruction of microbes by promoting lysis of microbial cell membranes via membrane attack complexes, phagocytosis by WBCs, opsonization and inflammation
Also assist in adaptive immunity

26
Q

Cellular defences of innate immunity

A

Express pattern recognition receptors called toll like receptors that can bind with a broad range of molecular patterns exhibited by microbes promoting phagocytosis of microbe

27
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Attack intracellular microbes and tumor cells; secrete cytotoxins (perforins, granzymes); induce cytolysis

28
Q

Phagocytic cells

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
Eosinophils

29
Q

Neutrophils

A

First responders
Important for recruiting other WBCs to the area

30
Q

Monocytes

A

-Wandering macrophages
(Phagocytic cells that arrive in wound site later but in large numbers)
-Or fixed/tissue resident macrophages
(Reside in connective tissues of specific organs, act as APCs to alert adaptive immune system to injury

31
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Help connect innate and adaptive (acquired) immune systems; phagocytic surveillance cells in peripheral organs and dermis, act as APC’s that alert adaptive immune system to injury

32
Q

Macrophages and Dendritic cells

A

Are both functional antigen presenting cells
They phagocytize antigens and place antigen fragments on their cell membrane to act as non-self markers; travel throughout lymphatic system to present these markers to adaptive B/T cells, antigens are then recognized and destroyed by adaptive B/T cells

33
Q

Eosinophils

A

Phagocytize Ag-Ab complexes, induce apoptosis of parasites, secrete histaminase(anti inflammatory made at the end of an inflammatory response)

34
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Histamine: major chemical mediator of inflammation released by basophils and tissue mast cells that are found in all CT
Histamine caused vasodilation, increased permeability, and phagocytic migration into damaged tissues
(Heat, redness, swelling, pain, and possible loss of function)

35
Q

Fever (pyrexia)

A

Hypothalamus determines normal set point of body T, presence of circulating pyrogens causes a reset in this thermostat, pyrogens (bacteria, viruses, tumours, allergens) stimulate prostaglandins to reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher than normal temp
Eg shivering as hypothalamic thermostat is reset to higher body T, sweat as thermostat returns to normal body T

36
Q

Third line defence

A

Adaptive immunity
Humoral immunity (antibody mediated)
Cell mediated immunity

37
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Responses are very specific and create immunological memory to the specific antigen, 1st exposure takes time, subsequent exposures are rapid

38
Q

Humoral immunity involve

A

B lymphocytes
Plasma cells
B memory cells

39
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Respond to exogenous antigen (found in body fluids/humors), B cell receptors bind to the antigen, B cell activations, proliferation, and differentiation into many plasma cells and B memory cells

40
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce and secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins Ig) that have antigen binding receptors that can specifically bind to and stimulate destruction of specific antigens (igM, igG, igA, igD, igE)

41
Q

B memory cells

A

Long lived cells that remain in bone marrow or lymphoid organs, can rapid respond to subsequent exposure to the identical antigen; part of immunological memory responses including vaccination/immunization protocols

42
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Regulatory T cells

43
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Respond to presentation of a specific antigen by an APC (endogenous antigen) or endogenous antigens within the cell membranes of viral infected body cells, or tumor cells, T cell receptors bind to antigen, cytokine (usually interleukin) co-stimulators signal, T cell activation, proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, or memory T cells

44
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Bind to antigen containing cells and secrete nasty chemicals that destroy that cell by apoptosis

45
Q

Helper T cells

A

Secrete cytokines that boost both cytotoxic T cells and B cell response

46
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Secrete other cytokines that help end the adaptive response

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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