Mod 2/ Appendix A Flashcards
step 1 of scientific method
review past experiments and research on the subject
step 2 of sci meth
form hypothesis
3 sci meth
design study, pick research method that best tests the hypothesis
give examples of of research methods
survey, case study, observations, correlations and experiments
4 sci meth
collect data
list methods of collecting data
questionnaires, observations, interviews
5 sci meth
draw conclusions, does experiment support hypothesis?
6 sci meth
report findings, summarize project and publish it
advantages if scientific method
minimizes bias, specific
armchair psychology
answering psychological questions through observation
survey (def, pros, cons)
ask many individuals to answer a fixed set of questions about particular topics
pros: quick/easy, for the most part efficient
cons: questions can be worded weirdly, sex/race of asker can affect answers
naturalistic observation (def, pros, cons)
observing individuals behaviors in a normal environment without changing or controlling the situation
pros: can study behaviors that cant be replicated in a lab
cons: bias, time consuming
case study (def, pros, cons)
Analysis of the thoughts, behaviors, feelings, beliefs, or behaviors of a single person
pros: detailed, can lead to future studies
cons: data relies on peoples recollection, testimonial, self fulfilling prophecy
testimonial
statement in support of something based on observations of a persons personal experiences
self fulfilling prophecy
strong belief about a future behavior and then acting (usually unknowingly) to fulfill that behavior
correlation coefficient
a number that indicates the strength of a relationship between two or more events
which graph would be more packed together, one with a .5 correlation or a .98?
.98
pros and cons to correlational research
pros: can predict behavior
cons: it is assumed to find cause to effect which isnt always true
experiment (def, pros, cons)
identifies cause-effect behavior
pros: chances of bias and error reduced
cons: not much diversity, bias is still possible
step 1 experiment
forming a hypothesis
rule 2 experiment
identify (in)dependent variables
independent variable
researcher controls, manipulates
dependent variable
effected by independent variable
rule 3 experiment
choose participants
population
every person existing that matches the criteria that researchers are studying
sample
the portion of the population actually selected to be studied
random selection
each participant in a sample has an equal chance of being selected
rule 4 experiment
assign people to experimental and control groups
experimental vs control groups
experimental- receive treatment
control- do not
rule 5 experiment
independent variable is manipulated by giving experimental group the treatment
rule 6 experiment
measure how the independent variable affects behaviors (dependent)
rule 7 experiment
analyze data
frequency distribution
the range of scores we get and the frequency of each one when we measure a sample
measure of variability
indication for how much scores vary from one another
standard deviation
shows how widely the scores in a distribution are scattered above and below the mean
inferential statistics
set of procedures for determining what conclusions can be drawn from a set of data
t test
estimate of reliability that takes into account both the size of the mean difference and the variability in disruptions
chi square
test that compares the observed distributions of people/events among various categories with the distribution expected purely on the basis of chance
