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CRIM 2616 - M&M HISTORY > MOD 2 > Flashcards

MOD 2 Flashcards

THEORY

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1
Q

what are the basic concepts for crimilogical theory

A

explanatory frameworks
research stradegies
data and anayisis/interpretation
idea reformulations
policy impications

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2
Q

what is a theory

A

it embraces a set of interrelated definitions and relationships that organize our concepts of understanding the world in a systematic, empirical way in order to measure

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3
Q

what does a theory let us do

A

measure it
explain it
make preditcions
they’re testable

lets us understand the behaviour

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4
Q

what common behaviours would we find in breaking the laws

A

biology, sociology and psychology

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5
Q

why do criminologist intergrate theories

A

in order to understand behaviour under study in a more complex and complete way

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6
Q

what are common theoretical debates

A

the tension between theories that focus on structure vs process

assumptions about human nature

conceptions with links between society and individual behaviour

degree of social consensus

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7
Q

how do we test theories empricially

A

we must be able to re-test them, operational, and be observable in some way

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8
Q

what does it mean when a theory is operational

A

if we were looking at the idea of friendship, we need an operational definition to define what friendship would mean in its construct in order to study it

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9
Q

what do we look at in theories when its in a social policy form

A

changing the individual, local communities, society, law, and looking at the limitations of theories in general.

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10
Q

When people violated social norms in the Middle Ages (1500’s) what would it be known for

A

that those who violated social norms were demonic and were posessed or knew witchcraft

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11
Q

what would happen to these people who violated social norms in the 1500s

A

they would be burned by being drilled with holes in their head to let out the evil spirits

a t bone would be kept and warn to keep the evil spirits away

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12
Q

when burned the people of 1500s who violated social norms what bone was kept and why

A

the trephination because this was a practice and was a form of surgery designed to keep away the evil spirits

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13
Q

in medieval times how did people stay away from crimes and why

A

they were subjective to deal with the consequence in different ways like death penalty or shame depending on crime because police didn’t exist

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14
Q

what are ordeals

A

ordeals are trials to prove guilt or innocence but in harsh ways

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15
Q

how were punishments given

A

through trials by ordeals

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16
Q

what were the type of crimes in medieval times

A

gossiping of women
no working
theft
vagrancy(homeless)
cheating on someone
being drunk
murder
witchcraft

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17
Q

if someone stole in medieval times what would happen to them

A

your hand will be cut off

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18
Q

strangulation is a result from

A

doing witchcraft in the medieval times

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19
Q

what is the ordeal by COLD water

A

hands and feet were tied and thrown into water

if they drown. they were guilty and if they were innocent they would float

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20
Q

what is the ordeal with HOT water

A

people had to dip their hands in the kettle and pick stones in burning water.

if there were healing signs then they would be considered innocent

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21
Q

why would people do a battle as an ordeal

A

if a crime involved two people but with no witnesses, that would dispute the innocence and guilty

22
Q

the relationship between crime and punishment should be balanced and fair. what is this definition

A

utilitaranism

23
Q

why did such an idea from philosophy of the idea “utilitarianism became a thing

A

because in the 18th to 19th centuries people wanted to focus on how punishment could be more purposeful and motivational into enlightenment

24
Q

who is beccraia

A

his work concerning the principles governing criminal punishment, advancement in criminological thought

25
Q

why did beccaria argue that punishment should be close in time of the crime comitted

A

to maximize the punishment deterrence value meaning the person who committed the crime will focus on the wrongful act

26
Q

what is the temporal proximity view

A

that punishments should be close in time of criminal action

27
Q

who is bentham

A

he is someone who believed beccarias work and believed that the prevention of law was to produce and support total happiness within the community

28
Q

what is punishments four main objectives

A
  • prevent all criminal offences
  • convince the offender to commit the least crime possible
  • prevent crime cheaply
  • make sure a criminal uses no more force than necessary
29
Q

what is the penopticon

A

the few watch the many

meaning the conception of prison is a circular design to be watched at all times for those incarcerated/ survallince

30
Q

what are the six elements of classical criminology

A
  • free will
  • crime is rational
    -punishment deters crime
  • punishments must be severe, certain and swift in order to be controlled
  • punishment is the most effective to deter crime
    -crime=a pleasure principle
31
Q

what do we mean when crime is the pleasure principal

A

it comes down to the severity of crime and the rightful fairness of its punishment

32
Q

what is positivism

A

it was developed in criminology as the scientific method to study crime and behaviour

33
Q

what did positivism believers think

A

that we should start to think about classical as crime to be a causation

34
Q

what is rational choice theory

A

it was the return of classical thought that people who commit crimes know what they are doing,

they consider the punishment, risk of detection and rewards when committing a crime.

with this, they weigh the risk vs reward if successful or not

35
Q

who made the idea of rational choice theory

A

james wilson

36
Q

what is routine activities theory

A

the theory to explain changes in the timing snd location of crimes

37
Q

for the routine theory, what is it implications for crime

A

a motivated offender
a suitable target
a lack of surveillance

38
Q

what are ways we can do scp

A

improve in security
increase survielnce
environmental control strategies

39
Q

what does SCP stand for

A

crime prevention strategies

40
Q

if we want to improve on locks what form of prevention of crime is this

A

target hardening

41
Q

if we want to prevent someone from trespassing by making it impossible to go through a pathway, what type of prevention of crime is this

A

enviro control strategy

42
Q

if we want the risk of gun paying and make it harder to have access what form of prevention is this

A

envrio control stratgies

43
Q

what is scp concerns

A

rather than stopping criminal motivation its concerned with preventing for anything wrong to happen in the first place

44
Q

what are the five SCP tents for crime to be prevented

A

increase in effort and risks
reducing rewards or benefits to criminals
removing any way for criminals to rationalize/justify their actions
reducing provocations of crime

45
Q

how may criminals avoid the consequences of crime according to SCP

A

doing it in less risky neighborhoods and in the middle of the night

won’t do it often

more than one offender/change tatics

change of crime.

46
Q

according to the rational choice theory

A

motivated people will violate the law if left free and restricted

47
Q

what is general deterrence

A

increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the criminal justice system will lead to a reduction to crime

focuses on future potential crime

48
Q

what is specific deterrence

A

the impact of the legal punishment on those arrested and charged

49
Q

what are incapacitation strategies

A

three strikes law
mandatory minimum sentences

50
Q

what is the three strikes law

A

if a criminal commits three times, the third strike is a 25 to life sentence.

it does not matter the crime severity with the third strike

51
Q

what makes someone deterrable

A

they are a rational thinker
they are conscious of the consequences
they care about what other thinks
must have something to lose

CRIM 2616 - M&M HISTORY (2 decks)

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