MOD 2 Flashcards
obtained first hand by the investigator from first hand sources.
i.e. – thesis & dissertations
- interview and questionnaire
- letters, diaries and autobiographies
- experimentation
- journals and newspapers
Primary data
are finished products taken from raw materials.
- data w/c are already existing.
i.e. – data obtained from registry of cases of hospitals
- documented materials
- book of factual information
i.e. textbooks
secondary data
oral type of questionnaire w/ a face to face contact bet. the researcher and the respondents.
direct or interview method
requires an appointment w/ the respondents
Formal
requires an appointment w/ the respondents
Formal
by chance interview
informal
involves a patient & his health provider
clinical
wider & deeper coverage as in investigative or detective cases.
in-depth
solicits views and opinions from a group of people
focus
interviewed person has given the task of providing pieces of advice. i.e. – counselling given by guidance counsell
non-directed
set of written & planned questions related to a particular topic intended to answer the problem of the study.
indirect or questionaire
answerable through options or choices.
close ended
questions that require further explanation in phrases or paragraphs. i.e. narrative responses
open ended
data obtained through births, deaths,marriages, licenses and census.
registration
used by scientific researches.
experimental
the act of studying only a portion of the population to represent the whole.
i.e. diagnosing a patient based on his blood count
sampling
a sampling procedure wherein the probability of each element being included in the sample is unknown.
- as a result there is no way of assessing the reliability of the sample results.
non probability sample
any sampling procedure wherein each element in the population has a known probability of being included in the sample.
probability sample
– a representative sample of the population is selected based on an expert’s subjective judgment or on some pre-specified criteria.
i.e. an area is selected bec. the community leaders are known to the investigators.
judgement or purposive sampling
if the researcher used in his study whatever items come at hand or whoever is available.
i.e. he may interview the first 50 people who enters a department store or he may ask for volunteers.
accidental or haphazard sampling
collection of data continues until the pre-specified quota is met.
i.e. house to house interview
quota sampling
used in confidential researches wherein the other respondents are picked out by the previous respondent. - frequently used when studying “ hidden population” like drug users & prostitutes, w/ HIV positive individual.
snowball sampling
there is an equal chance for every member of the population of being included in the sample.
simple random sampling
draw lots method.
i.e. rolling pieces of paper w/ the names of the population & have it selected by draw lots.
fishbowl or lottery method
done when the population is large.
i.e. w/ eyes closed using a pencil pinpoint at any location a number in the table by chance.
table of random numbers
a technique for selecting members of a sample by picking out every Kth of the population.
- To apply this, 1st divide the number of population by the desired sample size. The result is the sampling interval. Formula: K= N/n where: K = ratio of the population N = total population n = sample population
systematic sampling
a pop. w/c is composed of several strata or subgroups.
stratified random sampling
samples per group or strata
i.e. – department store, location, industry type
stratified random sampling w/ equal allocation
– samples per group depends on the pop. per group. i.e. – the bigger the pop., the more the samples; the smaller the pop., the smaller the sample.
Stratified random sampling with proportional allocation
pop. w/c is divided into separate group of elements called clusters.
i.e. – area sampling such as 5 city blocks, a clusters or group of students.
cluster
