Mod 2

Question 1

Somatic dysfunction in spinal joints may be either…

Answer 1

(1) primary functional disturbance of joint itself
(2) secondary viscerosomatic reflex produced by visceral afferent bombardmen

Question 2

Activation of ______ fibers produce contraction of _____ fibers in muscle mass

Answer 2

Efferent (motor) alpha nerve

Extrafusal

Question 3

Activation of efferent gamma nerve fibers produce ___

Answer 3

Contraction of SMALL INTRAFUSAL muscles
fibers of muscle spindle

Question 4

Proprioceptors transmit info to CNS regarding

Answer 4

LENGTH

TENSION

Question 5

Three types of muscle proprioceptors are?

Answer 5

Golgi tendon organs (GTO) in tendons
* Primary endings → Annulospiral
* Secondary endings → Flower-spray

Question 6

What is the role of a GOT

Answer 6

Prevent too much pull from excessive muscle tension

Question 7

What does a GTO do to prevent too much tension from developing ?

Answer 7

Moniotors change in muscle force

When tension in extrafusal muscle (contraction) pulls on tendon → sends sensory info to spinal cord

Question 8

To get information into the spinal cord, GTO’s must do what?

Answer 8

Excite inhibitory interneurons that synapse with alpha motor neurons controlling same muscle = causes muscles to relax

Question 9

What causes involuntary relaxation of extrafusal fibres (think GTO’s)

Answer 9

Rapid lengthening of the GTO

Question 10

What are muscle spindles?/ Role

Answer 10

Protect muscle from tearing, that are sensitve to change in length

(How much and how fast a muscle is lengthened or shortened.)

Question 11

Each end of spindle is attached to _____ muscle
fibers

Answer 11

Extrafusal muscle

Question 12

What are Extrafusal Muscle Fibres ?

Answer 12

The standard skeletal muscle fibers that are innervated by alpha motor neurons and generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement.

Question 13

What do Gamma Motor neurons do/ innervate?

Answer 13

Activate the intrafusal muscle fibres, changing the resting firing rate and stretch-sensitivity of the afferents.

Regulate the stretch reflex by adjusting the level of tension in the intrafusal muscle fibers of the muscle spindle.

Question 14

Spindle & intrafusal fibers innervated by

Answer 14

Gamma Motor neve

Question 15

What are Annulospiral Primary Receptors

Answer 15

In the Muscle spindle/ Group Ia myelinated afferent, Sense’s length & rate of change

Question 16

What are Flower-Spray Secondary Receptors ?

Answer 16

In the Muscle spindle Group II smaller, unmyelinated afferent

Question 17

What is the difference between Annulospiral and Flower-Spray Receptors ?

Answer 17

Annulospiral (Type I)- Sense’s length & rate of change (Velocity & length) Myelinated

Flower-Spray Receptors (type II)- Stretch receptor & length of muscle non-myelinated

Question 18

I am thinking …“What is the position of the joint and is the joint moving rapidly or slowly?” and what Provides predictive & anticipatory info to CNS.. What am I thinking of?

Answer 18

Proprioceptor–> Muscle Spindle–> Primary Sensory Endings (Annulospiral Endings) Located nucleated portion of intrafusal fibers

Question 19

The Muscle spindle reports ______ fibers relative
to the __________fibers in the spindle to the CNS

Answer 19

Length of extrafusal muscle

Length of the intrafusal muscle

Question 20

Rapid lengthening of the muscle spindle Causes…

Answer 20

Involuntary muscular contraction of the intrafusal fibres

Question 21

What can be “pre-set” by the CNS to allow specific motions without loss of control?

Answer 21

Gamma motor activity to the spindles

So… Muscle injury and loss of control can be prevented

Question 22

What are instances where inappropriate Gamma motor activity is involved in a mechanism leading to somatic dysfunction?

Answer 22

• Initially set too high in the CNS
• May be a factor in maintaining somatic dysfunction
• Causes a palpable change of the tissues (Ropey feeling)
• Produces restricted motion of the joint, and muscle stiffness
• it can produce cramps in the synergistic muscles

Question 23

What is Hilton’s Law ?

Answer 23

The principle that the nerve supplying a joint also supplies both the muscles that move the joint and the skin covering the articular insertion of those
muscles

Question 24

Why is Hilton’s law Important for us?

Answer 24

Palpation provides information of texture and temperature of soft tissue before boney tissue. If there is soft tissue alteration, some degree of hard tissue l esioning b/c superficial & deep tissues are innervated by the same neurology.

Question 25

The Mechanics & Fluid Dynamics of a Complex Chain lesion… (Somatic and Organic impacts)

Answer 25

Organic: influence organ pairing i.e., heart/ lung affecting stomach/ liver

Somatic: losing compensation from one limb to another

Question 26

Why is there is almost always a blending of lesions across fields ??

Answer 26

Because they are influenced by the same motor supply

Question 27

What is the loop of anatomy, physiology, pathology?

Answer 27

Malposition in anatomy = malposition of physiology = to pathology and the loop begins again

Question 28

______ directs our understanding of physiological outcomes

Answer 28

Functional anatomy

Question 29

What does the Head carriage effect?

Answer 29

Proprioceptive systems

Question 30

If baseline at the CF joints is misaligned, so too is
the ….Transition of forces through the lumbar spine
& into the primary pivot

Answer 30

Transition of forces through the lumbar spine
& into the primary pivot

Question 31

When the primary pivot is off its axis, a new what is formed?

Answer 31

Mechanical pathological pivot

Question 32

Somatic dysfunction in spinal joints
may be either?

Answer 32

Primary functional disturbance of joint itself

Secondary viscerosomatic reflex
produced by visceral afferent
bombardment

Question 33

The health of the nerve (and the somatic and organic tissues it innervates) is determined by ?

Answer 33

The quality of its blood supply

Question 34

Palpation & motion testing somatic structure reveals to us the expression of the dysfunctional reflex that has a direct effect

Answer 34

The capillary bed of the muscle

Question 35

The Mechanics & Fluid Dynamics of a Chain lesion… (Somatic and Organic impacts)

Answer 35

Organic: Paired organs inhabit similar space
Somatic: moving from a localized area to another larger area limiting motion of
a muscle/ joint

Question 36

We utilize mechanics to determine what pathway between these fields are in lesion by doing what?

Answer 36

Impeding rhythm and distribution of communication

Question 37

It is always about_______ ???

Answer 37

Correlation via the anatomy

Question 38

What are the 3 Qualities of Healthy Mechanics?

Answer 38

Structures should have elasticity and plasticity within their physiological ranges of motion

Body should work in a collective, integrated fashion

Above conditions promote environment for healthy neurophysiology

Question 39

What do T-Lines provide?

Answer 39

Provide global frame of reference for both assessment and correction

Question 40

What do Quadrants inform us of?

Answer 40

local perspective while still being able to observe the compensation pattern with the
primary pivot at D11/ D12

Question 41

The Hard (Bony) lines are a component of the Polygon

Answer 41

Motor line (spine)

Upper & lower T-lines: Connect limbs to the axial skeleton & function as pumps that aid in fluid and air dynamics; coordination and stabilization of ambulation

Question 42

The Soft lines are a component of the Polygon

Answer 42

Large, strong muscles that tether the external
frame of the arms and girdles to the axial,
internal frame of the motor line; QL, psoas major, traps, pectoralis

Question 43

The Polygonal model describes …

Answer 43

Anatomy along lines of force between hard and soft tissues;

Question 44

____, _____, and _____ are innervated by sympathetics

Answer 44

Errector pili muscle, sweat glands, blood vessles