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psyc211 > mod 2 > Flashcards

mod 2 Flashcards

1
Q

rostral

A

anterior

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2
Q

caudal

A

posterior

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3
Q

dorsal

A

superior

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4
Q

ventral

A

inferior

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5
Q

lateral

A

toward the side

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6
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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7
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side

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8
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side

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9
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates the two hemispheres

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10
Q

lateral sulcus

A

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal

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11
Q

central sulcus

A

separates the frontal and parietal lobes

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12
Q

temporal lobe gyri

A

superior, middle and inferior

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13
Q

parietal lobe gyri

A

postcentral gyrus, superior and inferior parietal lobule

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14
Q

frontal lobe gyri

A

precentral gyrus, superior/middle/inferior frontal gyrus

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15
Q

what separates the superior parietal lobule from the inferior parietal lobule

A

intraparietal sulcus

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16
Q

main fibre tract connecting the two cerbra

A

corpus callosum

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17
Q

large structure attached to dorsal aspect of the brain stem

A

cerebellum

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18
Q

subcortical structures

A

thalamus, basal ganglia

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19
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain - pons - medulla

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20
Q

basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus)

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21
Q

where are superior and inferior colliculi found

A

midbrain

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22
Q

make up of ventricular system

A

consists of interconnected cavities filled with CSF

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23
Q

divisions of ventricular system

A

2 x lateral, third and fourth

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24
Q

what separates the lateral from the third

A

interventricular foramen

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25
Q

what separates the third from the fourth

A

cerebral aqueduct

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26
Q

white matter

A

axons, myelin

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27
Q

grey matte

A

cell bodies

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28
Q

10% of brain cells

A

neurons

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29
Q

90% of brain cells

A

glial cells

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30
Q

myelin

A

fatty substance that surrounds and insulates nerve fibres

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31
Q

destruction of myelin causes

A

multiple sclerosis

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32
Q

fMRI

A

records changes related to metabolic activity in order to produce a functional view of the brain

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33
Q

how many neurons are thought to be involved in representation of a single image

A

two hundred million neurons

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34
Q

brain lesion analysis

A

comparing people with brain lesion in region of interest with people whose region is intact

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35
Q

EEG

A

records brains electrical activity

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36
Q

ERP

A

a signature of the electrical activity (recorded by EEG) occurring in brain in response to specific event

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37
Q

ERP considers electrical response for three events

A

latency, amplitude + polarity, scalp topography

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38
Q

ERP temporal and spatial resolution

A

spatial not accurate, temporal accurate

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39
Q

structural neuroimaging

A

CT, MRI, DTI

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40
Q

functional neuroimaging

A

PET and fMRI

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41
Q

uses x-ray technology to produce a series of brain images enabling the structure of the brain to be viewed

A

CT

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42
Q

produces brain images with higher resolution than CT

A

MRI

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43
Q

provides view of white matter tracts using MRI scanner

A

Diffusion tensor imaging

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44
Q

provides image of concentration/distribution of the radioactive substance

A

PET

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45
Q

which has greater spatial resolution fMRI or PET

A

fMRI

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46
Q

records changes related to metabolic activity in successive images in order to produce functional view of brain

A

fMRI

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47
Q

non-invasive method that causes transient disruption of brain activity by emitting a brief magnetic pulse.

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS

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48
Q

TMS excitatory or inhbitory

A

can be either

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49
Q

a prominent fold of cartilage-supported skin, captures sound and focuses it into the auditory canal

A

pinna

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50
Q

where does auditory canal end

A

eardrum

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51
Q

outer ear components

A

pinna and auditory canal

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52
Q

outer ear

A

sound waves are captured by pinna and focused into auditory canal

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53
Q

middle ear components

A

ear drum (tympanic membrane) and ossicles

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54
Q

ossicles

A

incus, stapes, malleus

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55
Q

high pressure region does what to ear drum

A

pushes it inward

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56
Q

low pressure region does what to eardrum

A

pushes it outward

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57
Q

how are vibrations caused within ear

A

constant low and high pressure pushing eardrum in and out

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58
Q

vibrations travel from eardrum to ossicles to

A

cochlea

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59
Q

cochlea

A

spiral shaped fluid filled tube

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60
Q

where are hair cells

A

cochlea

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61
Q

what converts the sound signal to mechanical vibrations

A

the ossicles from the vibrations

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62
Q

what converts the mechanical signal to an electrical signal

A

hair cells

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63
Q

where do hair cells synapse

A

spiral ganglion cells

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64
Q

tinnitus

A

person hears noises in absence of any sound stimulus

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65
Q

how is tinnitus caused

A

by disease processes affecting cochlea or auditory nerve or spontaneous activity

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66
Q

inner ear to CNS

A

spiral ganglion cells –> vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve.

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67
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

carries both balance (vestibular nerve) and hearing (auditory nerve) from cochlea to brain stem

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68
Q

auditory signal synapse where in brainstem

A

cochlea nuclei located at level of lower pons and upper medulla

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69
Q

auditory information from cochlear nuclei to where?

A

inferior colliculi to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus to primary auditory cortex

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70
Q

auditory pathway in brain

A

cochlear nuclei - inferior colliculi - medial geniculate nucleus - primary auditory cortex

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71
Q

where is primary auditory cortex located

A

superior temporal lobe

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72
Q

hechls gyri

A

primary auditory cortex

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73
Q

tonotopic organisation

A

in primary auditory cortex

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74
Q

interaural time

A

difference in arrival time of sound at the ear

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75
Q

where is sound localisation not good

A

vertical plane

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76
Q

what produces the reflections of entering sound

A

bumps and ridges on outer ear

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77
Q

sound waves are captured by the pinna and focused into the auditory canal

A

external ear

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78
Q

sound waves strike the ear drum and the vibrations pass through the ossicles to the cochlea

A

middle ear

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79
Q

hair cells within the cochlea transduce the vibrations into a neural signal, which is sent to spiral ganglion cells, whose axons form the cochlear nerve which carries info to brain stem via vestibulocochlear nerve

A

inner ear

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80
Q

where is medial geniculate nucleus found

A

thalamus

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81
Q

the opening that allows light to enter the eye and reach the retina

A

pupil

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82
Q

a circular muscle that controls the size of the pupil

A

iris

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83
Q

the transparent surface that covers the pupil and iris

A

cornea

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84
Q

the white of the eye, continuous with cornea

A

sclera

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85
Q

helps focus ray of light on the retina

A

lens

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86
Q

the internal lining of the rear two-thirds of the eye; converts images into electrical impulses, which are sent to the brain

A

retina

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87
Q

the central area of the retina that is specialised for the central vision

A

macula

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88
Q

marks the centre of the retina and the centre of the macula

A

fovea

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89
Q

visual image is the least distorted

A

fovea

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90
Q

made up of the axons of retinal ganglion cells, carries impulses for vision from the retina toward the brain

A

optic nerve

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91
Q

wavelength of electromagnetic energy that is visible to the naked human eye

A

400-700nm

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92
Q

flow of information within the retina

A

photoreceptors -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells

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93
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

94
Q

displacement of bipolar and ganglion cells

A

laterally to allow light to strike foveal photoreceptors directly

95
Q

rods

A

scotopic, poor acuity achromatic vision in low light

96
Q

photopigment in rods

A

all the same

97
Q

periphery heavy in rods or cones

A

rods

98
Q

cones

A

photopic, high acuity colour vision

99
Q

central retina / fovea heavier in cones or rods

A

cones

100
Q

photopigment of cones

A

different cones sensitive to different wavelengths of light

101
Q

blindspot

A

where the axons of retinal ganglion cells exit retina, there are no photoreceptors

102
Q

total amount of space that can be viewed by retina

A

visual field

103
Q

half the retina that is closer to the nose

A

nasal hemiretina

104
Q

other half of the retina (not close to the nose)

A

temporal hemiretina

105
Q

blindspot location

A

15 degrees eccentric in your temporal hemifield

106
Q

where is optic disc located in retina

A

nasal hemiretina

107
Q

axons in which hemi-retina cross the midline

A

ganglion cells in the nasal hemi-retina

108
Q

when visual stimuli in the right hemifield

A

cells in both retinas project axons into left optic tract

109
Q

if left optic nerve is cut

A

vision in left eye will be lost completely

110
Q

if optic chiasm is transected

A

peripheral vision will be lost bilaterally

111
Q

if left optic tract is cut

A

vision fo right hemifield will be lost bilaterally

112
Q

axons of ganglion cells pre optic chiasm

A

optic nerves

113
Q

axons of cells post optic chiam

A

optic tract

114
Q

axons of optic tract project to

A

superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus

115
Q

subcortical vision

A

retinotectal pathway

116
Q

retinotectal pathway

A

retina, superior colliculus

117
Q

cortical vision

A

retinogeniculostriate pathway

118
Q

retinogeniculostriate pathway

A

retina, thalamus (LGN), primary visual cortex

119
Q

superior colliculus in non-mammalian vertebrates

A

optic tectum

120
Q

% of ganglion cells in retina that project to superior colliculus

A

10%

121
Q

% of ganglion cells that project to the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

90

122
Q

what does the right lateral geniculate nucleus receive information about

A

the left half of the visual field

123
Q

what does the left LGN receive information about

A

the right half of the visual field

124
Q

primary visual cortex location

A

medial part of occipital lobe buried within the calcarine fissure

125
Q

visual pathway from primary visual cortex

A

to striate cortex -> V1 -> broadmanns area 17

126
Q

what happens when TMS is placed over the occipital cortex

A

TMS can elicit light sensations (phosphenes) in absence of any visual stimuli

127
Q

increase in the phosphene threshold reflects..

A

reduced visual cortex excitability

128
Q

reduction in phosphene threshold reflects

A

increased visual cortex excitability

129
Q

correlation of ecstasy use and phosphene threshold

A

negatively correlated

130
Q

phosphene levels in mdma users and control

A

ecstasy group had lower threshold than control, those who hallucinated within ecstasy group was even lower

131
Q

where does sensory integration occur

A

heteromodal regions of cortex

132
Q

superior colliculus visual or auditory

A

both! but think visual

133
Q

what does ventriloquist illusion provide

A

an example of how visual and auditory information are integrated

134
Q

how does the ventriloquist illusion occur

A

sound source being mislocalized towards a synchronous but spatially discrepant visual event. e.g. puppets mouth moving

135
Q

spontaneous activity can lead to perceived sensation e.g.

A

hallucinations and tinnitus

136
Q

maunsell and van essen

A

single cell recording in macaque monkeys

137
Q

results from maunsell and van essen

A

neurons in area MT are selective for the direction and speed of motion

138
Q

what was subtracted during the PET activation during visual stimulation to identify colour

A

activity elicited by the abstract scene shown in colour - activity elicited by abstract scene shown in greyscale

139
Q

what was subtracted during PET activation during visual stimulation to identify motor perception

A

activity elicited when moving - activity elicited when stationary

140
Q

two projection routes from primary visual cortex (V1) to extrastriate visual cortex

A

dorsal and ventral stream

141
Q

stream that codes motion and location

A

dorsal

142
Q

stream processes detailed stimulus features and object identity

A

ventral stream

143
Q

what does each visual areas topographical represent

A

contralateral hemifield

144
Q

what marks the boundaries between anatomically adjacent visual areas

A

topographic discontinuities

145
Q

V4

A

respond to combinations of colour and form

146
Q

what extrastriate cortex is ventral stream associated with

A

V4

147
Q

V5

A

selective for direction and speed of motion

148
Q

extrastriate cortex that the dorsal stream is associated with

A

V5

149
Q

where are the neurons that receive information from the retinal ganglion cells located within the superior colliculi

A

superficial layers

150
Q

superior colliculus experiment

A

monkey press bar to turn on light, monkey fixated on ligh which projected another stimulus onto the screen in order to determine receptive field of study

151
Q

when do the monkeys receive a drop of water during the superior colliculus experiment

A

when they press the bar while the light was dim

152
Q

conclusions about the superior colliculus (3)

A

superficial layers contain retinotopic maps of visual field
left superior colliculus represents the right hemifield
map is distorted with more neurons devoted to analysis of central portion of the visual field

153
Q

sprague effect

A

visual orienting responses can be restored in the cortically blind hemifield by removing the contralesional superior colliculus

154
Q

experiment visual cortex vs. superior colliculus damage

A

looks at effect of disrupting cortical vs subcortical vision using localization and discrimination tasks and making lesions of bilateral removal of visual cortex or transection of input fibres to both superior colliculi

155
Q

localisation task

A

turn head toward a sunflower seed held in experimenters hand

156
Q

discrimination task

A

run down a two-arm maze and enter the door behind which a sunflower seed was hidden

157
Q

how did those with lesions in visual cortex perform

A

performed normal in localization task but showed impaired performance in the discrimination

158
Q

how did those with altered superior colliculi perform

A

performed normal in discrimination but in localisation, made no attempt to orient towards the seed

159
Q

when in humans can the contribution of subcortical pathways be assessed in absence of cortical pathways

A

after a stroke involving the primary visual cortex

160
Q

cortical blindness

A

damage of V1

161
Q

perimetry test

A

present a small spot of light at random locations across the visual field while patient fixates on a central stimulus

162
Q

what happens when light falls outside the scotoma during a perimetry test

A

detection is immediate

163
Q

what happens when light falls within the scotoma during a perimetry test

A

fail to detect the light however rods and cons are still transmitting information to the lateral geniculate nucleus

164
Q

weiskrantz

A

residual vision without primary visual cortex - tone sounds, move your eyes to location of light

165
Q

what is the dependent variable of weiskrantz test of residual vision without PVC

A

eye position and how far they moved after tone sounded

166
Q

in rafal findings what was the latency with which his eyes moved towards the light that appeared in the intact hemifield?

A

slower when the distractor appeared in the cortically blind hemifield than when no distractor appeared, despite not being able to see

167
Q

effect of unilateral damage to primary auditory cortex

A

minro due to auditory information being transmitted ipsilaterally and contralaterally.

168
Q

movement fields -where found/what are they

A

neurons in deep layers of SC have movement field. movement fields are large and fire most intensely before saccades in one optimal direction

169
Q

where are the smallest saccades represented in the SC?

A

in the rostral SC

170
Q

where are the largest saccades represented in the SC

A

in the caudal SC

171
Q

when do neurons in deep layer increase their discharge rate

A

before an eye movement

172
Q

what proved visuomotor abilities within the SC

A

the fact that the cell still responded to the light on the receptive field even though no movement occurred

173
Q

SC superficial layers

A

recieve info from retinal ganglion cells and contain a retinotopic map

174
Q

SC deep layers

A

have either visuomotor or pure motor capabilities and contain a motor map

175
Q

exogenous saccades =

A

reflexive saccades

176
Q

what is the activity of fixation cells in the SC modulated by

A

an external visual stimulus at fixation

177
Q

whats activated when a when a stimulus is present at fixation

A

cells in the rostral portion of the superior colliculus

178
Q

what structure is important for the fixation reflex

A

SC

179
Q

fixation offset effect paradigm

A

fixate on central dot, look at star in periphery when it appears

180
Q

fixation offset condition in effect paradigm

A

fixation stimulus disappears when target appears

181
Q

fixation overlap condition

A

fixation stimulus remains present when target appears

182
Q

fixation offset effect paradigm independent variables

A

fixation overlap condition and fixation offset condition

183
Q

what does fixation offset paradigm conclude

A

strong fixation reflex with a large FOE and weak for a small one

184
Q

endogenous eye movements

A

voluntary eye movements

185
Q

experiment: effects of TMS over cortex on saccadic eye movements, endogenous task

A

move eyes to left or right in response to a central arrowhead

186
Q

experiment: effects of TMS over cortex on saccadic eye movements, exogenous task

A

move your eyes to a peripheral asterisk

187
Q

did TMS have an effect over the superior prefrontal cortex or the superior parietal lobule of endogenous saccade task

A

the superior prefrontal cortex, endogenous saccades to contralateral hemifield were delayed

188
Q

did TMS have an effect over the superior prefrontal cortex or the superior parietal lobule of endogenous saccade task

A

neither were affected

189
Q

what was the theorised conclusion for disruptions of superior prefrontal cortex in endogenous movements

A

normal operation of the frontal eye field was disrupted

190
Q

henik: effects of a lesion involving the frontal eye field on voluntary saccades task

A

move eyes to left or right in response to a central arrowhead

191
Q

heniks conclusion

A

the delay in contralateral endogenous saccades associated with damage to the FEF indicate that the FEF is normally involved in generating voluntary saccades

192
Q

reflexive eye movements are associated with which structure

A

the subcortical

193
Q

voluntary eye movements are associated with which structure

A

the cortical

194
Q

what is the frontal eye field important for

A

generating voluntary eye movements

195
Q

anti-saccade task

A

fixate on centre, when stimulus appears in the periphery, move your eyes in the opposite direction then return eyes to centre

196
Q

what does the anti-saccade task require

A

inhibition of a reflexive saccade, followed by execution of a voluntary saccade

197
Q

who had most errors in anti-saccade test

A

children 5-8

198
Q

machado et al: effects of a lesion involving the frontal eye field on anti-saccades supported what hypothesis

A

that the FEF normally imposes inhibitory control over the ipsilesional oculomotor circuitry that generates reflex saccades

199
Q

subcortical cells in oculomotor system

A

mediate more primitive reflex oculomotor responses

200
Q

phylogenetically newer cortical cells in oculomotor system

A

impose control over primitive reflexes via projections to subcortical cells, facilitating when advantageous and inhibiting when disadvantageous

201
Q

what behaviour re-emerges in older adults due to ageing degenerative processes

A

uncontrolled reflexive behaviour due to disrupted strategic visual orienting

202
Q

higher proportion of cortical or subcortical neurons?

A

humans higher cortical but frogs higher subcortical

203
Q

overt attention

A

attention involved with movement of eyes

204
Q

covert attention

A

attention in absence of eye movement

205
Q

findings of the experiment looking at covert attention in occipital lobe

A

stronger neural signal occurred in response to the stimulus when attention was directed at the location of the stimulus

206
Q

attention elicited by an external stimulus

A

exogenous shift - reflexive - superior colliculus

207
Q

attention elicited by an internal stimulus

A

endogenous shift - voluntarily - cortical

208
Q

faciliation

A

latency to respond to target is reduced when target appears at location of attention compared to different location.

209
Q

what does inhibition of return provide an example of

A

a reflexive mechanism of attention

210
Q

inhibition of return

A

when attention is directed toward a location, then there is a long delay before a target appears, latency to respond to target increases when target appears at attended location compared to different location

211
Q

is latency decreased when target appears at same location in inhibition of return or facilitation

A

facilitation

212
Q

flanker tast purpose

A

used to assess the efficacy of strategic control over attention (how easily distractible someone is)

213
Q

flanker effect

A

reaction times on incongruent trials - reaction times on congruent trials

214
Q

flanker task

A

when stimulus appears at centre indicate identity by pressing appropriate button as quickly as you can

215
Q

3 steps of brain development

A
  1. cell division, 2. cell migration, 3. cell differentiation
216
Q

plasticity

A

refers to the neurons system ability to change. decreases with age, adults brain more rigid

217
Q

formation of ocular dominance columns in primary visual cortex

A

at birth inputs from LGN of the two eyes intermingle with striate cortex V1. inputs from two eyes over development segregate into these columns.

218
Q

ferret study: rewiring brain in newborns what is it testing

A

plasticity in terms of visual and auditory systems

219
Q

ferret study: rewiring brain in newborns what was removed

A

the superior and inferior colliculus - so axons of retinal ganglion cells intended for SC went to MGN

220
Q

ferret study: rewiring brain in newborns findings

A

by adults, neurons in auditory cortex behaved like visual neurons responding to visual stimuli

221
Q

effects of stimulating visual cortex in adults with impaired vision

A

self-reported phosphenes elicited by TMS over visual cortex

222
Q

experiment: effects of stimulating visual cortex in adults with impaired vision findings

A

those with some residual vision = 100%
those with poor residual vision = 60%
those with no residual vision = 20%

223
Q

experiment = mental imagery in sighted and congenitally blind adults task

A

produce mental images from animal names versus passive listening to abstract words

224
Q

what was used to measure mental imagery in sighted and congenitally blind adults and how

A

fMRI (brain activity during mental imagery task - brain activity during passive listening to abstract words

225
Q

results from mental imagery experiment

A

production of mental images were associated with activation of visual cortex for blind people too implying they were imagining things just maybe not the same thing as we would, seeing as they would have never visually seen one

226
Q

training and plasticity A1

A

training monkeys to discriminate different tone frequencies

227
Q

what did trained frequencies lead to

A

enlarged cortical regions and functional plasticity within A1

228
Q

training and plasticity M1

A

finger to thumb tapping sequences

229
Q

what and how was measured in M1 for training and plasticity

A

fMRI used to measure activity related changes in blood flow in primary motor cortex. (left practised movements - right untrained sequential movements)

230
Q

results for M1 training and plasticity

A

3 weeks + 8 weeks = greater changes in blood flow in contralateral motor cortex for trained (left) compared to untrained (right)

231
Q

age can decline memory function which can be seen by a reduced

A

hippocampus

232
Q

what can increase size of hippocampus

A

exercise

psyc211 (2 decks)

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