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Blood- Module 17 > Mod 17 part 2 > Flashcards

Mod 17 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

White blood cells are also made in the bone marrow, but _______ is more complicated because of the different types.

A

Leukopoiesis

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2
Q

Chemical messages, such as ________, and so called CSF or _______ stimulate the formation of specific WBCs from the bone marrow

A

Interlukins

Colony Stimulating Factors

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3
Q

An abnormally low WBC count is known as ______ and most of the time is caused by drug therapy

A

Leukopenia

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4
Q

Uncontrolled leukocyte formation that does not respond to neg. feedback but leads high numbers of immature nonfunctional WBC is called…

A

Leukmia

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5
Q

Depending on the leukocyte clone involved, leukima are put into two different categories

A

Myelocytic and Lymphocytic

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6
Q

Lymphocytic Leukima is further subdivided into immature cell type and one that is more popular in older patients

A

Acute

Chronic

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7
Q

Platelets are made of small fragments called

A

Megakaryocytes

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8
Q

What is the formation of platelets regulated by?

A

Thrombopoietin

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9
Q

This is the term used for a fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding

A

Hemostasis

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10
Q

What are the three steps of Hemostasis

A

Vascular Spasm
Platelet Plug
Coagulation

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11
Q

This is a vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels (smooth muscle) triggered by injury, chemicals released by platelets or pain reflexes

A

Vascular spasm

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12
Q

Platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers at the site of a vessel injury

A

Platelet plug

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13
Q

Platelet plug swells and become sticky and release ADP that causes other platelets to do the same, This is an example of what?

A

positive feedback

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14
Q

What two chemicals further enhance the vascular spasm as well as platelet aggregation?

A

Serotin and Thromboxane

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15
Q

The last step of hemostasis is a set of reactions that leads to a formation of fibrin and a gel-like blood clot

A

Congregation

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16
Q

In the first of three steps, what is formed?

A

Prothombin activator

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17
Q

After the Prothombin activator is formed, what happens?

A

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin

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18
Q

When the thrombin is converted, what happens?

A

It catalyzes the joining of fibrin to make fibrin mesh

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19
Q

The first step of coagulation can be started in two ways _____ or ______ or both

A

Intrinsic or Extrinsic

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20
Q

This pathway is triggered by negatively charged surfaces that uses factors present within the blood

A

Intrinsic

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21
Q

This pathway is triggered by an exposure to tissue factor that is faster than the other option

A

Extrinsic

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22
Q

_____ causes plasma to become gel-like and trap formed elements

A

Fibrin

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23
Q

When thrombin activated factor XIII what happens?

A

Crosslinking of fibrin

Strengthening of Clot

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24
Q

In a clot reaction _____ and _____ contract within 30-60 mins

A

Actin

Myosin

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25
Q

For clot repair, this is the growth factor that stimulates the division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel walls

A

platelet-derived growth factor

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26
Q

For clot repair, this is the growth factor that stimulates endothelial cells to multiply and restore the endothelial lining

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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27
Q

Fibrinolysis begins within two days, _______ in a clot is converted to plasmin

A

Plasminogen

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28
Q

Plasminogen is converted by what three factors?

A

tissue plasminogen activator
Factor XII
Thrombin

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29
Q

What three chemicals inactivate thrombin

A

Antithrombin III, Protein C, Heparin

30
Q

This type of disorder is an undesirable clot formation

A

Thromboembolic Disorder

31
Q

This is a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

A

Thrombus

32
Q

This is a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream

A

Embolus

33
Q

This is impairs the ability of the body to obtain oxygen

A

Pulmonary embolus

34
Q

This is a clot in the brain and can cause strokes

A

Cerebral Emboli

35
Q

Thrombus clots can be prevented by this which inhibits thromaxine A2

A

Asprin

36
Q

This is something that prevents clots and is used clinically for pre and postoperative cardiac care

A

Heparin

37
Q

This type of clot prevention used for those prone to atrial fibrilation

A

Warfarin

38
Q

This is when widespread clotting blocks intact blood vessels

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

39
Q

These are abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

A

Bleeding disorders

40
Q

This is a bleeding disorder that has a deficient number of circulating platelets

A

Thrombocytopenia

41
Q

This is a bleeding disorder that is due to spontaneous widespread hemorrhage

A

Petechiae

42
Q

This disorder includes vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis and cirrhosis

A

Impaired Liver function

43
Q

These include several hereditary bleeding disorders

A

Hemophilias

44
Q

This is the most common type of hemophilia that is due to a deficiency of factor VIII

A

Hemophilia A

45
Q

This hemophilia is due to the deficiency of factor IX

A

Hemophilia B

46
Q

This is a mild type of hemophilia that is deficient of factor XI

A

Hemophilia C

47
Q

A symptom of hemophilia is when there is prolonged bleeding especially in ________ ______

A

Joint Cavities

48
Q

How is hemophilia treated?

A

With plasma transfusions and injections of the missing factor

49
Q

RBC membranes bear __ types of glycoprotein antigens.

A

30

50
Q

RBC antigens are perceived as foreign if the blood is _________

A

Mismatched

51
Q

Presence or absence of each antigen is used to classify

A

Blood groups

52
Q

Substances that can mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response such as formation of antibodies

A

Antigens

53
Q

Antigens of the __ and ___ blood groups cause vigorous transfusion reactions

A

ABO and Rh

54
Q

Other blood groups that are usually weak agglutinogens are

A

MNS
Duffy
Kell
Lewis

55
Q

What are the ABO blood groups?

A

A, B, AB, O

56
Q

What are the different blood groups based on?

A

presence and absence of A and B agglutinogens

57
Q

Blood may contain ____ or ____ antibodies that act against transfused RBCs with ABO antigens not normally present

A

Anti A

Anti B

58
Q

What antigens would a person with blood type AB have?

A

Anti A and B

59
Q

What about a person with blood type A? what antigens would they have?

A

Anti A

60
Q

What antigens with a person with O blood would have?

A

None

61
Q

There are 45 different Rh factors, which are the most common?

A

C, D and E

62
Q

What does Rh+ indicate the presence of?

A

Agglutinogen D

63
Q

This is a homeostatic imbalance when a Rh- mother becomes sensitized to blood that is Rh+, a second exposure can cause attack of RBC in baby

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

or Hemolytic disease of the newborn

64
Q

What is the serum called that is given to the Rh- mother so her body does not attack her second Rh+ baby?

A

RhoGAM

contains anti-Rh prevents mother from being sensitized

65
Q

What is included in a transfusion bag?

A

Packed RBCs no Plasma

66
Q

Transfusion reactions result in diminished oxygen-carrying capacity and the hemoglobin in ____ and ____ fail

A

Kidneys and renal

67
Q

Reactions of serum of anto A and anti B show that that blood type

A

is present

68
Q

What blood type would who both spots reacted

A

AB

69
Q

What blood type would show only B reacted?

A

B

70
Q

What would blood type O show if it would have been tested for blood typing?

A

No Change

Blood- Module 17 (2 decks)

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