Mod 16-19

Question 1

Sleep

Answer 1

a periodic, natural loss of consciousness — as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

Question 2

circadian [ser-KAY-dee-an] rhythm

Answer 2

our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

Question 3

REM sleep

Answer 3

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

Question 4

alpha waves

Answer 4

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

Question 5

NREM sleep

Answer 5

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.

Question 6

hallucinations

Answer 6

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

Question 7

hypnagogic sensations

Answer 7

bizarre experiences, such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly, while transitioning to sleep.

Question 8

delta waves

Answer 8

the large, slow brain waves associated with the deep sleep of NREM-3.

Question 9

the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 9

= a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.

Question 10

insomnia

Answer 10

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

Question 11

narcolepsy

Answer 11

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

Question 12

sleep apnea,

Answer 12

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

Question 13

night terrors

Answer 13

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered. (p. 173)

Question 14

dream

Answer 14

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind.

Question 15

manifest content

Answer 15

according to Freud, the symbolic, remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

Question 16

latent content,

Answer 16

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). (p. 175)

Question 17

REM rebound

Answer 17

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.

Question 18

psychoactive drug,

Answer 18

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

Question 19

substance use disorder

Answer 19

a disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.

Question 20

depressants

Answer 20

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

Question 21

alcohol use disorder

Answer 21

(popularly known as alcoholism) alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

Question 22

barbiturates

Answer 22

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

Question 23

opiates

Answer 23

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

Question 24

stimulants

Answer 24

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Question 25

nicotine

Answer 25

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco.

Question 26

cocaine

Answer 26

a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria.

Question 27

amphetamines

Answer 27

drugs, such as methamphetamine, that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

Question 28

methamphetamine

Answer 28

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

Question 29

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Answer 29

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

Question 30

hallucinogens

Answer 30

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

Question 31

near-death experience

Answer 31

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

Question 32

LSD

Answer 32

powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide

Question 33

THC

Answer 33

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

Question 34

consciousness

Answer 34

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Question 35

hypnosis

Answer 35

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

Question 36

posthypnotic suggestion

Answer 36

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.

Question 37

dissociation

Answer 37

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

Question 38

Sigmund Freud

Answer 38

considered dreams the key of understanding our inner conflicts, he proposed that dreams provide a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings.

Question 39

William James

Answer 39

William James called a continuous “stream of consciousness,” with each moment flowing into the next. Over time, we flit between different states of consciousness, including normal waking awareness and various altered states

Question 40

Ernest Hilgard

Answer 40

who believed hypnosis involves not only social influence but also a special dual-processing state of dissociation — a split between different levels of consciousness. Hilgard viewed hypnotic dissociation as a vivid form of everyday mind splits — similar to doodling while listening to a lecture or typing the end of a sentence while starting a conversation. Hilgard argued that when hypnotized people lower their arm into an ice bath, the hypnosis dissociates the sensation of the pain stimulus (of which the subjects are still aware, thanks to their mind’s “hidden observer”) from the emotional suffering that defines their experience of pain. The ice water, therefore, feels cold — very cold — but not painful.