Mod 1, IQ1: What distinguishes one cell from another?

Question 1

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 1

A prokaryotic cell are single celled microorganisms. Prokaryotes include Bacteria and Archaea

Question 2

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 2

Eukaryotic cells are cells which contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, and include animals, plants and fungi.

Question 3

Animal cell

Answer 3

No cell wall.

Many small, temporary, fluid filled vacuoles which do not provide structural support.

No Chloroplast

Generally round

Question 4

Plant cell

Answer 4

Cell wall surrounding the cell membrane, providing structural support and fixed square-like shape.

Permanent, large vacuole which stores minerals and nutrients, and supports cell structure.

Chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll).

Question 5

3 domains of life

Answer 5

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 6

Main two types of microscopes

Answer 6

Light Microscopes and Electron Microscopes

Question 7

Two different types of electron microscopes?

Answer 7

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): shows a 3D image

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): shows a 2D image.

Question 8

Nucleus

Answer 8

Contains the nucleolus - where proteins, DNA, RNA and ribosomes are assembled

Has a double layered membrane with pores that allow controlled movement of substances cytosol.

Question 9

Ribosomes

Answer 9

Responsible for translating a chain of amino acids into proteins

Site of protein synthesis

Question 10

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

Synthesises phospholipids and steroids

Question 11

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

Responsible for adding sugar molecules to proteins made by ribosomes

Question 12

Golgi apparatus

Answer 12

Proteins travel from the RER to the Golgi apparatus where they are packaged ready for transport out the cell.

Question 13

Lysosomes

Answer 13

Recycling centres - digest unwanted matter

Question 14

Mitochondria

Answer 14

Converts chemical energy into energy that cells can use (ATP) - Cellular Respiration

Question 15

Chloroplasts

Answer 15

Site of photosynthesis

Contains chlorophyll

Question 16

Vacuoles

Answer 16

Animal Cells - small, temporary

Plant cells - one large permanent vacuole that provides structural support by helping to maintain turgor.

Question 17

Plastids

Answer 17

Synthesise and store chemical compounds
Animal cells do not have plastids

Question 18

Cell wall

Answer 18

Rigid structure surrounding the cell membrane

Plant cell walls are made of cellulose
Fungal cell walls are made of chitin

Question 19

Cytoskeleton

Answer 19

Supports the cells structure, allows the cell to move and helps transport organelles and vesicles within the cell.

Question 20

Centrioles

Answer 20

Small cylindrical structures found in pairs, involved in cell division and the formation of cilia and flagella.

Question 21

Cilia & Flagella

Answer 21

Hair-like structures on the surface of cells
Involved in movement of the cell

Cilia - shorter and more of them
Flagella - long tail-like structures, usually fewer or just one or two.

Question 22

Cell membrane

Answer 22

Separates the living cell from the outside environment

Question 23

Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 23

Model of the cell membrane

Consists of two layers of phospholipid molecules.

Other molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol are scattered throughout the membrane.

Question 24

Phospholipids

Answer 24

Head:
Hydrophilic
Composed of a phosphate group

Tail:
Hydrophobic
Composed of glycerol
Two tails per head

Hydrophilic heads move towards the water, and the lipid tail moves away from the water.

Question 25

Integral proteins

Answer 25

Permanent

Channel or transport molecules across the cell membrane

When it spans the entire phospholipid bilayer, it is called a transmembrane protein.

Question 26

Peripheral proteins

Answer 26

Temporary

Bind to integral proteins or penetrate to one side of the membrane

Support, communication, enzymes, and molecule transfer in the cell.