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Science Extension > Mod 1: Influences on Scientific Thinking > Flashcards

Mod 1: Influences on Scientific Thinking Flashcards

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1
Q

How does economics impact scientific thinking

Syllabus: analyse the current influences on scientific thinking, including but not limited to:
economic

A
  1. Companies and Governments may fund research which is hoped to make them or the country money. Therefore there may be more research published within economically important areas
  2. Business funded research is more likely to be published if it supports the way that business makes money.
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2
Q

How does politics impact scientific thinking?

Syllabus: analyse the current influences on scientific thinking, including but not limited to:
political

A

Politicians may have strong political/ideological views on scientific ideas. This can have many impacts scientific research - it can affect funding for research. It can affect teaching concepts and it can affect how/which ideas are presented in the media.

An obvious area where this influence is having an effect is in Climate Change Research.

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3
Q

How do global influences impact scientific thinking?

Syllabus: analyse the current influences on scientific thinking, including but not limited to:
global

A

The world has become increasingly interconnected - allowing scientists to share ideas, resources and collaborate around the world.

Pandemics, such as covid-19 are an example of a global influence which often prompts mass global collaboration between scientists.

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4
Q

How do cultural influences impact scientific thinking?

Syllabus: analyse the current influences on scientific thinking

A

Cultural or religious beliefs may guide scientific research. For example we ae unlikely to see research into the health benefits of eating beef come from India.

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5
Q

What are ethics?

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

Good/bad standards set by communities or societies

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6
Q

What are morals?

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

Refers to personal or community values, where behaviours may be considered to be good, bad, virtuous or evil.

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7
Q

What is law?

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

Enforcable standards of behaviour.

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8
Q

What is the ethical framework in science?

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A
  1. The principle of autonomy
  2. The principle of no maleficence
  3. The principle of beneficence
  4. The principle of justice
  5. The principle of confidentiality
  6. The principle of non-deception
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9
Q

Define autonomy

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

Freedom from external control or influence

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10
Q

Define maleficence

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

The act of committing harm or evil

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11
Q

Define beneficence

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

An act of charity, mercy, and kindness with a strong connotation of doing good

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12
Q

Define justice

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

The quality of being just, impartial, or fair

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13
Q

Define confidentiality

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

Respect for privacy

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14
Q

Define deception

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

Resorting to falsehood

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15
Q

How is autonomy applicable in science?

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

making voluntary and informed decisions

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16
Q

How is no maleficence applicable in science?

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

No subject in a study is intentionally harmed or injured, either through acts of commission or omission

17
Q

How is beneficence applicable in science?

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

Produce beneficial outcomes & positive steps are taken to prevent and to remove harm from the patient

18
Q

How is justice applicable in science?

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

Equal access to care, benefits, compensation

19
Q

How is confidentiality applicable in science?

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

maintaining anonymity and privacy.

20
Q

How is no deception applicable in science?

Syllabus: students analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time

A

maintaining open and truthful communications

21
Q

What is human experimentation?

Syllabus: analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time, including but not limited to:
– human experimentation
– experimentation on animals
– biobanks
– use of research data

A

Human experimentation research refers to scientific investigation that involves human beings as research subjects. The investigations can be either interventional or observational.

22
Q

Examples of unethical cases of human experimentation

Syllabus: analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time, including but not limited to:
– human experimentation
– experimentation on animals
– biobanks
– use of research data

A
  • The Stanford Prison Experiment
  • Nazi human experimentation in concentration camps during WWII
23
Q

What code set out basic requirements for ethical human experimentation? What are they?

Syllabus: analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time, including but not limited to:
– human experimentation
– experimentation on animals
– biobanks
– use of research data

A

Nuremburg Code comprised 10 requirements

  1. Informed Consent: Researchers must obtain the voluntary and informed consent of individuals participating in experiments. Participants should be fully aware of the purpose, risks, and benefits of the study.
  2. Beneficence: Researchers must aim to maximize the benefits of research while minimizing harm to participants. The welfare of individuals should always be a priority.
  3. Scientific Validity: Experiments should be based on sound scientific principles and have a valid rationale. Unnecessary or poorly designed studies should be avoided.
  4. Experimentation on Humans: Experiments should only be conducted when there is a good reason to believe they will yield valuable knowledge that can’t be obtained through other means.
  5. Avoidance of Harm: Researchers should take all necessary precautions to prevent harm to participants, both physically and psychologically.
  6. Freedom to Withdraw: Participants should have the freedom to withdraw from the study at any time without facing negative consequences.
  7. Qualified Researchers: Experiments should be conducted by qualified and competent individuals.
  8. Benefits Outweigh Risks: The potential benefits of the research should outweigh the risks involved.
  9. Precaution: Researchers should take precautions to protect participants from any potential harm.
  10. Ethical Principles: Ethical considerations and respect for the dignity of participants should guide the entire research process.
24
Q

Benefits of animal experimentation

Syllabus: analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time, including but not limited to:
– human experimentation
– experimentation on animals
– biobanks
– use of research data

A

Used in biomedicine, veterinary science, cosmetics, behavioural studies
Used to understand animal biology or as models to understand human biology

25
Q

3 R’s rule in animal experimentaiton

Syllabus: analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time, including but not limited to:
– human experimentation
– experimentation on animals
– biobanks
– use of research data

A
  1. Replace: replace animals with other methods
  2. Reduce: reduction in the number of animals used
  3. Refine: refinement of techniques used to minimise the adverse effects on animals
26
Q

What are biobanks?

Syllabus: analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time, including but not limited to:
– human experimentation
– experimentation on animals
– biobanks
– use of research data

A

Collections of organized human biological samples used for biomedical research.

27
Q

What are some ethical concerns surrounding biobanks?

Syllabus: analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time, including but not limited to:
– human experimentation
– experimentation on animals
– biobanks
– use of research data

A

Lack of informed consent
Ownership of samples
Privacy of subject
Commercialisation and sharing of benefits

28
Q

What are some benefits of collecting research data from various sources

Syllabus: analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time, including but not limited to:
– human experimentation
– experimentation on animals
– biobanks
– use of research data

A

It encourages further scientific enquiry + innovation
Leads to new collaborations b/w data uses and creators
Maximises transparency + accountability
Reduces the cost of duplicating data collection

29
Q

What are some issues with collecting research data from various sources?

Syllabus: analyse the influence of ethical frameworks on scientific research over time, including but not limited to:
– human experimentation
– experimentation on animals
– biobanks
– use of research data

A

Ethics of obtaining data from unethical research such as Nazi human trials.
Re-use of data
Data protection
Anonymisation of data
Consent of subjects

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