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biology - exam > MOCKS REPRODUCTION & INHERITANCE > Flashcards

MOCKS REPRODUCTION & INHERITANCE Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3.1 what are some differences between sexual and asexual reproduction

A

sexual: 2 parents asexual: 1 parent
sexual: the gametes are produced through meiosis
asexual: doesn’t involve gametes or fertilisation
sexual: genetically different to parents
asexual: genetically identical to parent

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2
Q

3.19 what is a gene

A

a short length of DNA found on a chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic

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3
Q

3.19 genes exist as alternative

A

forms called alleles

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4
Q

3.19 what are alleles

A

they are variations of the same gene

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5
Q

3.19 having alleles give rise to

A

differences in inherited characteristics and variation within species

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6
Q

3.20 what does dominant mean

A

a dominant allele only needs to be inherited from one parent to show up in the phenotype

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7
Q

3.20 what does recessive mean

A

a recessive allele needs to be inherited from both parents for the characteristic to show up in the phenotype

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8
Q

3.20 if there is only one recessive allele

A

it will remain hidden and the dominant allele characteristic will show

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9
Q

3.20 what does homozygous mean

A

if two alleles of a gene are the same the individual is homozygous

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10
Q

3.20 what does heterozygous mean

A

if the two alleles of a gene are different the individual is heterozygous

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11
Q

3.20 definition for allele

A

alleles are different versions of a particular gene

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12
Q

3.20 definition for dominant

A

a dominant allele is always expressed even if only one copy is present

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13
Q

3.20 definition for recessive

A

a recessive allele is only expressed if two copies are present

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14
Q

3.20 definition for genotype

A

the combination of alleles that control each characteristic is called the genotype

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15
Q

3.20 definition of phenotype

A

the observable characteristics of an organism
e.g. eye colour

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16
Q

3.23 what is monohybrid inheritance

A

it is the inheritance of characteristics controlled by a single gene

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17
Q

3.23 what is a punnett square

A

a diagram that shows the possible combinations of alleles that could be produced in the offspring

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18
Q

3.23 how to construct a punnett square

A

determine the parental genotypes
split the alleles & add them to the square
fill the middle 4 squares working out the possible genetic combinations in the offspring
determine the phenotypes of the offspring

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19
Q

3.24 what is a family pedigree diagram

A

diagrams used to trace the pattern of inheritance of a specific characteristic through generations of a family

20
Q

3.25 completing a punnett square allows you

A

allows you to predict the probability of different outcomes from monohybrid crosses

21
Q

3.25 monohybrid inheritance is

A

the inheritance of characteristics controlled by a single gene

22
Q

3.25 the outcomes of offspring are TT, Tt, Tt and tt
what is the ratio

A

3:1 of tall : short

23
Q

3.25 how can you make predictions of the offsprings’ characteristics

A

if we have the ratio 3:1 of tall : short
probability of being tall is 75%
probability of being short is 25%

24
Q

3.3 describe the structure of an insect-pollinated flower how it is adapted for pollination

A

stamens: enclosed in flower so insect makes contact
position stigma: enclosed in flower for insect contact
type of stigma: sticky so pollen grains attach from insects
size of petals: large to attract insects
colour: brightly coloured to attract insects
nectaries: present - produce nectar for insects
pollen grains: larger & sticky to stick to insects

25
Q

3.3 describe the structure of a wind-pollinated flower how it is adapted for pollination

A

stamens: exposed so wind can easily blow it away
position stigma: exposed to catch pollen blowing in wind
type of stigma: feathery to catch pollen grains
size of petals: small
colour: not brightly coloured - usually green
nectaries: not present / absent
pollen grains: smaller inflated grains to carry in wind

26
Q

3.3 describe the structure of an insect-pollinated flower

A

sepal: protects unopened flower
petals: brightly coloured to attract insects
anther: produces & releases pollen
filaments: provides support to anther
stigma: sticky top of the female part that collects pollen
style: a tube that connects the stigma and ovary
ovary: contains the ovules
ovule: structure inside the ovary that contain female gametes

27
Q

3.3 describe the structure of a wind-pollinated flower

A

petals: small & dull often green or brown
scent & nectar: not produced - waste of energy
anthers: held on long filaments outside the flower to release pollen grains easily into the wind
stigma: feathery stigmas outside the flower catch airborne pollen grains

28
Q

3.7 give an example of natural asexual reproduction in plants

A

runners

29
Q

3.7 what happens with runners during natural asexual reproduction in plants

A

side branches that grow sideways out with small plantlets at the ends
when they touch the soil, they grow roots and the new plantlets will grow and become independent from the parent plant

30
Q

3.7 give an example of artificial asexual reproduction in plants

A

cuttings

31
Q

3.7 what happens with cuttings during artificial asexual reproduction in plants

A

they clone the plants by taking cuttings
a section of the parent plant with a new bud is cut off
the cutting can be placed into water until new roots grow or can be placed directly into soil
sometimes the stem will be dipped into ‘rooting powder’ which contains plant growth regulators that encourage root growth
once planted, they will grow into adult plants that are genetically identical to the original plant
cheap & quick method

32
Q

3.9 the locations for hormones OESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE and the uses?

A

OESTROGEN:
follicle in ovary
inhibits FSH production
& stimulates LH secretion
repairs / thickens lining of uterus

PROGESTERONE:
ovary (corpus lutem)
inhibits LH & FSH production
maintains the lining of uterus

33
Q

3.10B the locations for hormones FSH & LH and the uses?

A

FSH:
pituitary gland
eggs mature&stimulated oestrogen secretion

LH:
pituitary gland
mature egg (ovum) released
& remnant of follicle becomes corpus luteum

34
Q

3.9 & 3.10B how to be able to tell the hormone based on menstrual cycles graph?

A

PROGESTERONE : starts slow and takes a while but eventually goes upwards finishes at top straight line

FSH: starts medium then goes lower before going quickly higher then rounds off and goes back down again finishes below PROGESTERONE

OESTROGEN: starts slow but immediately starts going higher before taking a while to round off and eventually goes back down finishing below FSH where it started from

LH: starts in straight line low down but quickly and steeply shoots upwards HIGHEST ONE before rounding off quickly and shooting back down to previous straight line finish under OESTROGEN

35
Q

3.9 & 3.10B order of hormone peaks on a graph of the menstrual cycle

A

FSH, OESTROGEN, LH THEN PROGESTERONE

36
Q

3.11 what does the placenta enable

A

the placenta enables the exchange of substances between the mother’s blood and the fetus’ blood

37
Q

3.11 what substances travel from the mother’s blood to the fetus

A

oxygen and nutrients such as glucose, amino acids & mineral ions

38
Q

3.11 what substances travel from the fetus’ blood to the mother

A

carbon dioxide and urea

39
Q

3.11 how is the placenta an efficient exchange surface

A

the placenta is an efficient exchange surface because it has a large surface area & a thin wall for diffusion

40
Q

3.11 how does the placenta act as a barrier

A

it acts as a barrier to toxins and pathogens although not all are stopped from passing through

41
Q

3.11 what are some toxins and pathogens that can pass through the placenta

A

nicotine and alcohol

42
Q

3.11 what are some toxins and pathogens that can pass through the barrier of the placenta

A

virus particles can pass across the barrier

43
Q

3.12 what is the developing embryo surrounded by

A

amniotic fluid

44
Q

3.12 where is the amniotic fluid contained

A

it’s contained within the amniotic membrane also known as the amniotic sac

45
Q

3.12 how does the amniotic fluid protect the developing embryo

A

by cushioning it from bumps when the mother moves around

biology - exam (10 decks)

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