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Paper 1- Psychology > mocks- perception+RM > Flashcards

mocks- perception+RM Flashcards

1
Q

how do you calculate the median

A

middle number of the data set- must be in order

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2
Q

how do you calculate the range

A

biggest value-smallest value

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3
Q

how do you calculate the mode

A

most common number

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4
Q

how do you calculate the mean

A

add up all the numbers/how many numbers

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5
Q

what does normal distributions show

A
  • contionous data
  • never touches the x axis
  • mean is in the middle
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6
Q

what is the difference between a bar chart and histogram

A
  • both have same width bars
  • histograms bars are touching
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7
Q

how do you find the a) mode
b) median
c) mean
d) range
from a frequency table

A

a) highest freq
b) middle number
c) scorexfreq+ scorexFreq…/people
d) highest score-lowest score(not frequency)
(6-2=4)

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8
Q

what is a strength and weakness of the mean

A

+ includes all scores in the final calculation, represnts whole of data
- can easily be distorted by an anomaily , one score can have a strong affect on the mean and makes it less represntative

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9
Q

what is a strength and weakness of the mode

A

+ very easy to calculate
- can be unrepresntative of the set overall

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10
Q

what is a strength and weakness of the median

A

+ not affected by extreme scores as they would be at the end or beginning
- not all scores are included in calculation, a few low values would affect mean, but not median- but should if it truly average

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11
Q

what is a strength and weakness of the range

A

+ straightforward to calculate
- range can be ditorted by extreme scores, so does not give a clear picture of the overall spread. most pp probably didnt score very badly

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12
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

predicts there will be no pattern or trend in results, no relationship between variables

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13
Q

what is an alternative hypothesis

A

states a relationship between variables
- called alternative as in alternative to the null hypotheiss

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14
Q

why should we use a null hypothesis

A

its easier to disprove a negative statement, than prove a positive one

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15
Q

what is a non directional hypothesis

A
  • this type does not predict the direction only that one factor affects another
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16
Q

what is a directional hypothesis

A

predicts the direction in which the results are expected to go

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17
Q

what is a structured interview

A
  • predetermined questions and they remain the same for all pp
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18
Q

what are closed questions

A

a predtermined set of responses eg, yes or no

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19
Q

what is an unstructured interview

A
  • do not have predetermined questions and the pp are able to give detailed answers
  • interviewer will expand questions based on what has been said
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20
Q

what is a semi structured interview

A
  • combine aspects from unstrucrured and structured
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21
Q

what are open questions

A

can give detailed answers

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22
Q

how is data in interviews recorded

A

can be recorded or written down but it must be fully transcribed which can be time consuming

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23
Q

what happens at the start of the interview

A

interviewer will use standarised instructions so the pp is aware of ethical issues such as confidentiality and right to withdraw.

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24
Q

what is a strength of an interview

A

+ unstreuctured interviews are useful for obtaining qualitive data- as pp is able to use their own words. qualititive data offered can give more detail and depth

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25
Q

what are the weaknesses of interviews

A
  • data is difficult to interpret-possible researcher may misinterpret pp answers based on their own expectations and biases so might be subjectivity
  • very time consuming to analyse large amounts of qualitative data
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26
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

target population is broken down into subcategories that represent the target population, then pp are selected in the proportion they occur in target population
eg, if TP is 75% female and 25% male- a sample of 20 should include 15 female, 5 male

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27
Q

what is a strength and weakness of stratified sampling

A

+ this is representative sampling method as everyone in the target population would be represnted in the pp being sampled
- can be time consuming because the subcategories have to be indentified and their proportions calculated

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28
Q

what is oppurtunity sampling

A
  • involves selecting pp that are around and available at the time of the study
    eg first 20 students at school
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29
Q

what is the strength and weakness of opportunity sampling

A

+quick, convenient and often the most economical method- therefore quite common
- likely to find an unrepresntative sample if onyl sampling at a particular time or place
eg first 20 students not likely to represent students who live far away

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30
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

when a consitnet system is in place for who is selected eg every 4th person
- does not give an equal chance of selection

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31
Q

what are the strengths and weakness of systematic sampling

A

+ assuming list order has been randomised, this method offers an unbiased chance of gaining a represantative sample
- if list is not randomised or a narrow selection of tartget group then unrepresentative may be present eg evry 4th person was male

32
Q

what is the target population

A

who you want to do the research on

33
Q

what is random sampling

A
  • when every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected- chosen entirely by chance
    eg putting names into a hat
34
Q

what is a strength and weakness of random sampling

A

+ in large numbers provides the best chance of an unbiased sample of a target population as everyone has equal chance
- the sample may not be representative of target population as p may not be matched for ability, gender,background etc increasing the chance of anomalies

35
Q

what is an independant variable

A

variable that you change

36
Q

what is the dependant variable

A

thing you measure

37
Q

what is an extraneous variable

A

factors that the experimenter will try to control to reduce any unwanted influences
- the better the control of these variables, the more reliable the experiment

38
Q

what is a repeated measures design

A

when the researcher uses the same pp in each conditions- test pp 2 or more times

39
Q

what are strengths of a repeated measures design

A
  • pp varaibles do not differ between conditions as the pp are the same people
  • statistical test can be more reliable-there is limited variation between 2 conditions
  • you only need 1 group of pp so it is not time consuming an is economical
40
Q

what are the weaknesses of repeated measures design

A

-demand charactersistics-pp can compare the different conditions of the study and are more likely to guess the aim
- ordeer effects like practice,fatique and boredom can occur-pp do 2 or more conitions in the study

41
Q

what is an independant measures design

A

if 2 groups in an experiment consist of different indiviuals .
eg. a group of boys and a group of girls

42
Q

what are the strengths of a independant measures design

A
  • no demand characteristics, so pp cant compare different conditions of study and unlikly to guess aim
  • order effects like practice,fatigue and boredom are avoided because pp only do one condition in the study
  • same test can be used for both groups with only iv manipulated so can be good way to test differences
43
Q

what are the weaknesses of an independant measures design

A
  • pp variables differ, which could becomes confounding variables
  • statictcal test can be less relaible-there is more variation between 2 conditions
  • you have to find twice as many people-could be time consuming and uneconomical
44
Q

what is a matched pairs deign

A

match every subject in one group with a very similar person in the other group

45
Q

what are the strengths of a matched pairs design

A
  • pp variables like 1Q,education and culture are controlled because people are paired on similar traits
  • order effects are avoided-pp take part in only one condition
  • demand characteristsics are less of a problem as pp only take part in 1 condition and arent gonna gusee the aim
46
Q

what are the weaknesses of a matched pairs design

A
  • pp variables can never be perfectly matched so cannot copletely control this
  • matching pp is time consuming and not always effective-close matches can be hard to find
  • if 1 person drops out then their pair has to be dropped from data-can be expensive if have to be repliacted
47
Q

what are visual illusions

A

uncocsious mistakes and happen when our wisual perceprtion is tricked into seeing something inaccuratly

48
Q

What are the 6 visual illusions

A

Ponzo
Muller yer
Rubins vase
Amez room
Kanisza triangle
Necker cube

49
Q

How can visual illusion be explaines

A

Fiction, size constancy,misinterpreted depth cues,ambiguity

50
Q

How does fiction explain visual illusions

A

Something that is not really there, image may suggest a certain figure is there but ut is not

51
Q

How does fiction explain the kanisa triangle

A

The triangle is not there, our perception has created it,suggested by the shapes around it. Appears so clearly it even seems to stand out from the paper

52
Q

How does size constancy explain the ames room

A

If we look at it from a special point of view, we see one person larger than the other. The room is not really square. The smaller person is further away but the lines of room are drawn accurately

53
Q

What is size constancy

A

We keep our original perception of the size of an object,even when info received by eye changes
The image on our retina gets larger as they get nearer but our brain perceives objects as being of a constant size

54
Q

What is misinterpreted depth cues

A

Depth cues help us to relieve distance but sometimes our brain perceives distance when it is not really there

55
Q

How does misinterpreted depth cues explain ponzo

A

Uses depth cues of linear perspective. The 2 outer lines create a perspective as if it was a railway. Unconscious ly, we see the top line being further away, so it is longer. They are the same size

56
Q

How is the muller lyer explained by misinterpreted depth cues

A

Outward pointing arrow heads seem to be pushing the line towards us,where as the I wards arrow heads suggest ut is further away. Due to us perceiving the bottom line as closer we see it as longer.

57
Q

What is ambiguity

A

More than 1 interpretation, the brain cannot decide which one to choose-as there is 2 possible images

58
Q

How does ambiguity explain rubins vase

A

Brain copes by focusing on one explanation or the other

59
Q

How does ambiguity explain the necker cube

A

Sometimes an image is so ambiguous brain can’t decide. The cube seems to flip backward and forward it can be seen either way so brain cannot decide which Is right

60
Q

What are binocular depth cues

A

Cues that are only detected when both eyes are used-we see 2 images which are nearly the same, by comparing these 2 images,our brain works out how far away things are

61
Q

What is good about binocular depth cues

A

Allow us to be more accurate in our judgements of depth

62
Q

What are the 2 binocular depth cues

A

Convergence, retinal disparity

63
Q

What is convergence

A

Detecting the difference in our eyes muscles, the closer the pbject is the harder the muscles work, the muscles info provides our brain with info about depth and distance of objects

64
Q

What is the words to remember the binocular depth cues

A

Cats-convergence
Meow-muscles
Rats-retinal disparity
Dont-difference

65
Q

What is retinal disparity

A

Compares the images received by the 2 eyes-they are 6cm apart
Each eye has a different view
The closer the object the bigger the difference the eyes see
The difference each eye receives gives info about distance

66
Q

What did gibson theory say

A

Perceptual abilities are innate

67
Q

What is a motion parallax

A

A type of monocular depth cue that provides the brain with information to do with movement
-objects far away appear to move slower as we move compared to objects that are closer to us

68
Q

When can the motion parallax be seen

A

In a moving vehicle eg train or when pilots land

69
Q

What is the aim of gilchrist and nesberg study of motivation

A

To see if motivation affects perception
-to find put what effect food deprivation would have on the perception of food related pictures

70
Q

Did ppl know the true aim of the study of motivation

A

No told it was an excerise of matching pictures

71
Q

Where was the study of motivation done

A

In a lab

72
Q

What is the method of the study of motivation

A

-experimental group of 26 undergrads volunteered to go with no food for 20 hours
-control group had normal meals
-ppl were randomly assigned to conditional so an independent groups design was used
1. Ppl were shown 4 slides each of a meal (burger etc) each slide was shown fot 15 seconds
2. After each slide was shown, the projector turned off for 15 seconds then turned on again but dimmer
The pp were asked to adjust the lighting of the pic so it looked the same as before
- ppl were tested at beginning, after 6hrs and 20 hrs

73
Q

What we’re the results of the study of motivation

A

Food deprived pp made the pictures brighter than they were-did not occur in control group

74
Q

What was the conclusion for the study of motivation

A

Suggested hunger is a motivating factor that affects perception, food deprivation makes food appear brighter and more appealing

75
Q

What is the weaknesses of study of motivation

A

-depriving people of food is not ethical, pp gave informed consent but may not really know what it is like not to eat and feel like they couldn’t quit
- validity, not realistic of everyday life as pp were asked to judge pictures not real food and judging pic based of brightness is not what we usually do, effects how far the results can be generalised to everyday life
- low in genrelisabilty as sample is 26 pp all from university so may be unrepresentative of hunger being a motivation factor to be applied to entire population

76
Q

What are the strengths of the study of motivation

A

-validity and other studies have found pp without food are more likely to see an ambiguous picture as food, this supports their study and increase validity
- real validity as the pp were really hungry so it was a realistic measure of hunger as a motivating factor
- took place in a controlled lab,timing and images were controlled ensuring no extraneous variables were present, high in reliability

Paper 1- Psychology (5 decks)

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