Mocks Flashcards
Structure of cell surface membrane?
Bilayer of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails in contact with, regulates transport of materials entering and exiting
Structure of nucleus?
Genetic material stored
Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores
Structure of mitochondria?
Energy, ATP
Structure of chloroplasts?
Thylakoids stacked to make stroma
Structure of Golgi apparatus
Stack of flattened cisternae and associated vesicles
Structure of lysosomes s
Sphere shaped sacs filled with hydrologic enzymes
Structure of ribosomes
RNA protein complexes
Site of protein synthesis
Structure of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
One has ribosomes one does not
Structure of cell wall
Cellulose: plant
Murin:
Chitin
Structure of cell vacuole
Membrane sacs
Store water and nutrients
What is a tissue?
Organ
Organ system
How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?
They are smaller
Cytoplasm lacks membrane bound organelles
Smaller ribosomes (70s)
No nucleus
Cell wall of Murein
Features of prokaryotic cells?
Has a slime capsule
Has one or more flagella for movement
Plasmids instead of nucleus
What are viruses?
Acellular and non-living
What do virus particles include?
Genetic material
Capsid
Attachment protein
Principles and limitations of optical microscope?
Light microscope, longwave length so low resolution
Can be in colour
Can be living
Principles and limitations of transmission electron microscopes?
Highest resolution due to short wavelength
Sample has to be thin
Complicated staining process
Principles and limitations of scanning electron microscopes?
High resolution due to short wavelength
Can produce 3D images
Lower resolution than transmission
What is magnification?
How many times bigger the image of the specimen observed is compared to the real life specimen
What is resolution?
The smallest distance between 2 objects where they can still be seen separately
How do you work out magnification?
Size of image/ size of real object
Centrifugation?
First you blend your cell in a cold buffered isotonic solution
Then you filter
Place in a centrifuge and spin at a slow speed, remove the nuclei but respin the supernatant at a faster speed, ribosomes need to be spun the fastest
How did the scientific community previously distinguish between artefacts and cell organelles?
If they saw an object in a specimen prepared using one preparation technique but not another it was likely to be an artefact
Can all cells divide?
No, some lose the ability to when they become adult
What is the order of the cell cycle?
Interphase, prephase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
When does DNA replication occur?
Interphase
What happens in mitosis?
Eukaryotic cell divides to produce 2 identical daughter cells
Behaviour of chromosomes in interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase of mitosis?
Interphase: chromatid condense
Prophase: chromosomes highly condensed and centrosomes begin to separate
Metaphase: chromosomes line up along equator , nucleus dissolves
Anaphase: chromosomes move to oppo’site poles
Telophase: chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelope reforms around 2 daughter nuclei
Why are spindle fibres attached to centromeres in separation of chromatids?
So they can contract to pull the chromatids to opposite poles
What’s it called when the cytoplasm divides to produce 2 new cells
Cytokinesis
What does uncontrolled cell division lead to?
Tumours and cancers
How does binary fission in prokaryotic cells occur?
Circular DNA and plasmids replicate
Cytoplasm divides
2 daughter cells produced
Why don’t viruses undergo cell division?
They are non-living
How do you prepare stained squashes of cells from plant root tips?
Cut 2cm of root tip
Place in a test tube of hydrochloric acid inside a heated water bath
Leave for 5 minutes
Remove and wash off hydrochloric acid
Tease the root tip open on a slide and drop 1 drop of dye
Leave for 2 minutes before placing cover slip on top
What is DNA and what does RNA do?
DNA stores genetic information and RNA takes this genetic information to the ribosomes
What is the structure of DNA and RNA?
DNA: deoxyribose, phosphate, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
RNA: ribose, phosphate, adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
What’s a condensation reaction?
A reaction where a bond is made between 2 molecules, a molecule of water is produced
Bond that forms between 2 nucleotides?
Phosphodiester
Structure of DNA vs RNA?
DNA: helix, long, hydrogen bonds, 2 polynucleotide chains
RNA: short polynucleotide chain
Why did scientists doubt that DNA carried the genetic code?
Because it was too simple
what does semi-conservative replication of DNA ensure?
Genetic continuity between generations of cells
Process of semi-conservative replication?
The double helix unwinds due to DNA helicase breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
There are now exposed bases which attract new DNA nucleotides to the template strand
DNA polyermase in a condensation reaction joins adjacent complementary nucleotides
What did Watson and cric do?
Bacteria grown in broth containing nitrogen 15 so it now had DNA containing heavier nitrogen
DNA settled at bottom of centrifuge
Bacteria with DNA containing heavier nitrogen allowed to replicate in broth containing only light nitrogen
Was a settle in the middle of heavier abdominal lighter nitrogen