Biological Molecules Flashcards
What do carbohydrates and lipids contain?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What are proteins made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulphur
What are nucleic acids made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
What are macromolecules?
Biological molecules that contain a very large number of atoms. Many of these are polymers
Monomer and polymer of carbohydrates?
Monomers: monosaccharides
Polymers:polysaccharides
Monomer and polymer of proteins?
Monomer: amino acids
Polymers: polypeptides
Monomer and polymer of nucleic acids?
Monomers: nucleotides
Polymer: polynucleotides
Monomer and polymer of lipids?
They are macromolecules not polymers.
Made of base units joined together in a non-repeating pattern
Glycerol +3 fatty acids= triglyceride
How are polymers formed from monomers?
By condensation reactions, molecule of water formed in process, grouped hydroxyl and hydrogen
What is hydrolysis?
Breaking polymer into individual monomers, require water to break bond
Condensation vs hydrolysis?
Condensation: monomers joined together, forms water, forms bonds
Hydrolysis: monomers broken apart, requires water, breaks bonds
What are proteins?
Chains of amino acids that form a polypeptide
They contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulphur
They are in enzymes, muscles, blood, hair, skin, bone
Examples of proteins?
Amylase, hormones, collagen, melanin
What is a dimer?
Two monomers bound together
What is a polymer?
3 or more monomers bound together
What happens when peptide bonds
Form between amino acids toform a dipeptide?
1.) amino acids join in a condensation reaction
2) hydrogen bonds together
3.) a water molecule is left
What are globular proteins?
Soluble and spherical shape, soluble due to presence of charged r groupwater molecules can surround the protein
What are fibrous proteins?
Straight chain polypeptides,side by side held in place by hydrogen bonding, insoluble, lots of disulphide bridges so they are more resistant to physical and chemical attack
What are primary protein structures?
Sequence chains of amino acids
What is a secondary protein structure?
Hydrogen bonding of of the peptide backbone, causes amino acid to fold in repeating pattern
What is a tertiary protein structure?
Three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
What is a quaternary protein structure?
Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
What is glucoses structure?
6 carrion atoms, sugars with 6 carbon atoms, heroes sugars, its a single sugar molecule
What are key properties of monosaccharides?
Soluble in water
Hydrophilic
Can be joined chemically to form larger carbs
What’s the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
Betas OH is above the ring and alphas is below
How do you break a glycosidic bond?
Add water to break bond, converts it back to original monosaccharides (hydrolysis)
How do you make Sucrose?
Glucose + fructose
How do you make lactose?
Glucose and galactose
What is amylose structure?
Unbranched alpha glucose in a larger number in a helix shape with hydrogen bonds between glucose molecules
Structure of amylopectin?
Branched chains every 25-30 glucose molecules of alpha glucose , joined by glycosidic bonds
Structure of glycogen?
Very compact polymer of alpha glucose which is branched