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1
Q

what phase of the cardiac cycle does the plateau period correspond with?

A

2

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2
Q

what phase of the cardiac cycle does the depolarisation of ventricles correspond with?

A

phase 3

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3
Q

when are neutrophils released?

A
  • bacteria

- acute inflammation

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4
Q

when are basophils released?

A

inflammatory reaction

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5
Q

when are eosinophils released?

A

parasitic infection

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6
Q

when are cytotoxic T-lymphocytes released?

A

acute and chronic infection

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7
Q

what is the function of the ductus arteriosus?

A

pulmonary trunk -> aorta (bypass lungs)

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8
Q

what does ACh act on?

A

M3 muscarinic

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9
Q

what hydrolyses triglycerides?

A

lipoprotein lipase

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10
Q

what is oxidative deamination?

A

glutamate -> ammonium

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11
Q

odds

A

number of events/number of non-events

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12
Q

what are laminae connected by?

A

ligamentum flavum

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13
Q

L1 level

A

SMA

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14
Q

L2 level

A

renal arteries

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15
Q

L3 level

A

IMA

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16
Q

what is in the superficial perineal pouch?

A
  • erectile tissue of clitoris and penis
  • ischiocavernosus
  • bulbospongiosus
  • superficial transverse perineal muscle
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17
Q

what is in the deep perineal pouch in females?

A
  • urethra
  • external urethral sphincter
  • vagina
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18
Q

what is in the deep perineal pouch in males?

A
  • bulbourethral glands

- deep transverse perineal muscles

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19
Q

T4 dermatome

A

nipple

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20
Q

T10 dermatome

A

umbilicus

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21
Q

L1 dermatome

A

suprapubic region

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22
Q

L2 dermatome

A

inguinal region

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23
Q

where is desmin found?

A

muscle cells

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24
Q

when does the primitive streak appear?

A

week 3

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25
Q

what is found at the angle of Louis (~T4)?

A
  • tracheal carina

- loop of left recurrent laryngeal nerve

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26
Q

where do the recurrent laryngeal nerves loop?

A

left - arch of aorta

right - right subclavian

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27
Q

how long does the cardiac cycle last?

A 
PQRS = 0.6s
T = 0.2s

-> 0.8s

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28
Q

where are purkinje fibres found?

A

endocardium

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29
Q

where are perinuclear hofs found?

A

plasma cells

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30
Q

what is a generator potential?

A

graded, non-propagated potential changes in sensory end organs

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31
Q

what is the primary copper transporter in the blood?

A

ceruloplasmin

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32
Q

what vitamins are stored in the liver?

A

A
B12
D
K

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33
Q

what are the stages of change?

A
  1. pre-contemplation
  2. contemplation
  3. action
  4. maintenance
  5. relapse/stable change in lifestyle
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34
Q

what are the symptoms of brown-sequard syndrome?

A

ipsilateral loss of:

  • motor
  • 2-point discrimination and proprioception

contralateral loss of:
- pain and temperature

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35
Q

what are the differences between UMN lesion and LMN lesion?

A

UMN - hyperreflexia

LMN - hyporeflexia

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36
Q

what acts on Leydig cells?

A

LH

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37
Q

where is erythropoeitin produced?

A 
renal cortex
(by interstitial cells)
38
Q

which salivary gland is not continuously active?

A

parotid gland

39
Q

what causes the dicrotic notch?

A

increased pressure when closing aortic valve due to blood rebounding against valve

40
Q

where are melanocytes found?

A

stratum basale

41
Q

what is the typical tidal volume in an adult?

42
Q

what is the typical residual volume / expiratory reserve volume in an adult?

43
Q

what is the typical functional residual capacity in an adult?

44
Q

what is the typical inspiratory reserve volume in an adult?

45
Q

what is the typical total lung capacity in an adult?

46
Q

what is the conducting zone?

A

top of trachea -> end of terminal bronchioles

47
Q

what is the respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles -> alveoli

48
Q

what layer of the epidermis is only 1 cell thick?

A

stratum basale

49
Q

what releases trypsin?

50
Q

what releases insulin-like growth factor?

51
Q

what nerve is responsible for the jaw-jerk reflex?

A

trigeminal

52
Q

what do intrafusal muscle fibres sense?

A

stretch

- monitor muscle length & rate of change

53
Q

what are extrafusal muscle innervated by?

A

alpha motor neurons

54
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

alpha motor neuron + the extrafusal muscle fibres it innervates

55
Q

what detect change in muscle length and rate of change?

A

type Ia and type 2 sensory motor fibres

56
Q

what size unit detects fine control?

57
Q

what is the major cation in the ECF?

58
Q

are there more type 1 or type 2 pneumocytes and which are bigger?

59
Q

where does 95% of starch digestion occur?

A

small intestine

60
Q

what is the effect of cortisol?

A

inhibits GnRH

61
Q

how many calories are there per unit of alcohol?

62
Q

what type of inheritance is associated with haemophilia?

A

X-linked recessive

63
Q

do males or females generally have a lower BMR?

64
Q

what is the function of cholecystokinin?

A

stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

65
Q

what is the purpose of the glucose-alanine cycle?

A

transport ammonium from muscles to liver

66
Q

which ECG leads show the septal/medial view of the heart?

67
Q

which ECG leads show the anterior view of the heart?

68
Q

which ECG leads show the lateral view of the heart?

A

I
aVL
V5 and V6

69
Q

which ECG leads show the inferior view of the heart?

A

II and III

aVF

70
Q

what supplies the right ventricle and apex of the heart?

A

right marginal artery

71
Q

what supplies the posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum and AV node?

A

posterior inter-ventricular artery

72
Q

what supplies the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

right coronary artery

73
Q

what supplies the anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum and the ventricles?

A

left anterior descending artery

74
Q

what supplies the left ventricle?

A

left marginal artery

75
Q

which types of cells generate spontaneous action potentials?

A

cardiomyocytes (SAN and AVN)

76
Q

where is secretin secreted from and what is its function?

A

small intestine

- increases HCO3- secretion to neutralise chyme

77
Q

which nerves carry afferent impulses from peripheral chemoreceptors?

A
  • glossopharyngeal

- vagus

78
Q

are triglycerides a component of bile?

79
Q

what is found posterior to the hepatoduodenal ligament?

A

epiploic foramen of winslow

80
Q

which ion is used as a co-transporter for the absorption of amino acids?

81
Q

which ion is used as a co-transporter for the absorption of peptides?

82
Q

where is primarily affected by occlusions of the anterior cerebral artery?

A

contralateral lower body

83
Q

where is primarily affected by occlusions of the middle cerebral artery?

A

contralateral upper body

84
Q

what enzyme converts 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 -> 1,25-diOH-vitaminD and where is it found?

A

1-alpha-hydroxylase

kidneys

85
Q

what is the difference between the functions of cholecystokinin and leptin?

A

both stimulate satiety
CCK - immediately after meals
leptin - long-term weight regulation

86
Q

what is the function of T-type Ca2+ channels?

A

initiate action potential in SAN and AVN

T=trigger

87
Q

what is the function of L-type Ca2+ channels?

A

maintain action potentials in SAN and AVN

L=longer

88
Q

what is the function of the Na+ uniporter in the heart?

A

depolarisation

89
Q

what is the function of funny Na+ channels in the heart?

A

open when there is a negative voltage

  • slow K+ outflow
  • slow Na+ inflow
90
Q

what is the function of ryanodine receptor 2 in the heart?

A

release Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum

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