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ILA Flashcards

1
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

defective mineralisation of bone matrix in an adult

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2
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

reduced bone density (reduced bone matrix)

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3
Q

what is the function of macrophages?

A
  • type of WBC
  • in bone marrow
  • attacks bacteria and tumour cells
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4
Q

what is the role of UV light in vitamin D metabolism?

A

converts 7-dehydrocholestrol -> cholecaliferol

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5
Q

where is 1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D formed?

A

kidney

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6
Q

what is hydroxyapatite made of?

A

calcium and phosphate

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7
Q

what is sickle cell anaemia caused by?

A
  • autosomal recessive
  • inherited
  • substituting AA in beta globin chain
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8
Q

which enzyme unwinds supercoiled DNA?

A

topoisomerase

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9
Q

in sickle cell disease, an acute pain crisis is typically caused by capillary occlusion in the…

A

bone

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10
Q

what do specific amino acids bind to?

A

tRNA

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11
Q

what type of structure does a protein with a number of sub-units held together by cross links have?

A

quaternary structure

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12
Q

what is transcription?

A

DNA copied into mRNA that leaves the nucleus

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13
Q

what is translocation?

A

genetic material exchanged between chromosomes

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14
Q

what is translation?

A

mRNA used to specific AAs required to make proteins

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15
Q

what is transamination?

A

reaction where amino group is removed from an AA in metabolism

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16
Q

what enzyme causes the double helix to unzip?

A

helicase

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17
Q

where are ribosomes assembled?

A

inside the nucleus

- translocate to cytoplasm through nuclear pores

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18
Q

where is aldosterone synthesised?

A

adrenal cortex

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19
Q

what type of hormone is aldosterone?

A

steroid

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20
Q

what is aldosterone released in response to?

A

angiotensin II

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21
Q

what is the function of aldosterone?

A

promotes Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in DCTs

22
Q

where is ADH synthesised?

A

hypothalamus

23
Q

how is total body water distributed by volume?

assume healthy 70kg male

A

intracellular: 28L
interstitial: 11L
intravascular: 3L

24
Q

what is the function of renin?

A

angiotensinogen -> angiotensin I

25
Q

which substances are taken into account when calculating plasma osmolarity?

A

Na+
glucose
urea

26
Q

what is the principal site of renin production?

A

juxtaglomerular cells

27
Q

occlusion in which artery is most likely to result in a fatal heart attack and why?

A

left main coronary artery

- supplies largest area of hear muscle

28
Q

what is a raised central venous pressure a sign of?

A

right sided heart failure

29
Q

why can left-sided heart failure lead to a pulmonary oedema?

A

causes an increase in pulmonary pressure

30
Q

which artery supplies the SA and AC nodes? (most of the time)

A

right coronary artery

31
Q

which artery supplies the His-Purkinje system?

A

LAD

32
Q

what is stroke volume in the average person?

A

70 mls

33
Q

what is the function of the ductus arteriosus in the foetal CVR system?

A

allows blood to bypass foetal lungs by shunting it from pulmonary artery -> aorta

34
Q

what is the relationship between SVR & BP with the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • SNs cause vasoconstriction
  • increases systemic vascular resistance
  • increases BP
35
Q

what is the relationship between BP & SVR with the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

PNs do not have major influence on peripheral blood vessel diameter as they do not have parasympathetic innervation

36
Q

what nerve innervates the pericardium?

A

phrenic (C3-5)

37
Q

what stimulates carotid chemoreceptors?

A

changes in:

  • O2
  • CO2
  • H+
38
Q

give an example of a condition that would normally lead to type 2 respiratory failure

A

COPD

39
Q

give an example of a condition that would lead to type 1 respiratory failure

A

pulmonary embolism

40
Q

how would you calculate vital capacity?

A

TV + IRV + ERV

41
Q

what is the function of histamine 1?

A

mediate increase in vascular permeability at sites of inflammation

42
Q

what is the function of histamine 2?

A

increases release of gastric acid

43
Q

how many layers of muscle are present in the stomach wall and what are they?

A

3

  • longitudinal
  • circular
  • oblique
44
Q

what is the action of the proton pump in the parietal cells of the stomach

A

K+ in

H+ out

45
Q

what substance is secreted by enterochromaffin cells?

A

histamine

46
Q

what is the effect of the vagus nerve on parietal cells?

A

releases ACh onto them

47
Q

where does the common bile duct drain into?

A

duodenum

48
Q

what is secreted by chief cells?

A

pepsinogen

49
Q

what is the function of intrinsic factor produced in the stomach?

A

allows absorption of vitamin B12 in terminal ileum

50
Q

what artery supplies the jejunum?

A

superior mesenteric artery

51
Q

what is the change in cell-type seen in the lower oesophagus after prolonged acid reflux?

A

stratified squamous -> columnar

52
Q

where is fat first acted upon by lipase enzymes?

A

oral cavity

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