MOCK TESTS Flashcards
Chemical tests for haloalkanes
1) Add KOH (aq), ethanol (let it react)
2) Add nitric acid (HNO3)
3) Silver nitrate
Chemical tests for haloalkanes (results)
AgCl- White
AgBr- Cream
AgI- Yellow
Chemical tests for alkenes
Add bromine water: the orange solution decolourises
Add acidified potassium dichromate: The purple solution decolourises
Mechanisms – x 3
- Electrophilic addition
- Elimination
- Nucleophilic substitution
Formation of sigma bonds
Sigma bonds are formed from the overlap of s orbitals on each carbon
Formation of pi bonds
Pi bonds are formed from the overlap of p orbitals on each carbom
Impact of intermolecular forces on boiling points of organic compounds
Melting and boiling points depend on the strength of intermolecular
forces – this is because in order for a compound to melt/boil the
intermolecular forces have to be broken
Impact of intermolecular forces on boiling points of organic compounds
The stronger the interactions – the higher the melting/boiling point
This is because more energy is needed to break the molecules
apart
Impact of intermolecular forces on solubility of organic compounds
When a compound dissolves the intermolecular forces between molecules break and new forces between the solute and the solvent are formed. Energy is needed to do this - all compounds are more soluble at higher temperatures
Impact of intermolecular forces on solubility of organic compounds
Non-polar compounds dissolve in non-polar solvent
Polar compound dissolve in polar solvent
Effect of the presence of functional groups on melting/boiling temperature and solubility
Presence of Functional Groups
- Increases melting/boiling temperature if polar (due to hydrogen bonding/dipole-dipole interactions)
- Increases solubility in polar solvents if polar functional group present (due to hydrogen bonding)
Adverse environmental effects of CFCs
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been used as refrigerants
and in aerosols, but their use has been banned because of
their effect upon the ozone layer.
Combustion of hydrocarbons
Burning a hydrocarbon forms two compounds:
CO2 and H2O
