Mock test for Alzheimer's diseases Flashcards
is a neurodegenerative disease that causes memory loss, behavioral changes & immobility
inc w/ advancing age
5% in 65 yrs old
double by 70 yrs old
50% in 85 yrs old
Alzheimer’s Disease
_____ is not a normal part of the aging process
Dementia
Comorbidity that speed up the Alzheimer’s disease:
Cerebrovascular disease
HTN
diabetes
sleep apnea
Parkinson disease
familial Alzheimer’s disease is associated w/ the gene that makes the protein _______
Apo E (apolipoprotein E)
are sticky, dense substances composed of protein called _____- fill the space between neurons in the brain & interfere w/ the transmission of signals between the neurons.
Plaques
beta amyloid (2)
are twisted fibers & are made of protein clumps called ___ block the transmission of messages between neurons.
tangles
tau (2)
neurotransmitter that plays a significant role in AD :
Acetylcholine
glutamate
dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin
NMDA
signs and symptoms: forgetfulness confusion difficulty reading speaking, and writing.
cognitive
signs and symptoms: difficulty w/ body movements
physical
signs and symptoms: anxiousness anger aggressiveness
psychological
GDS means
Global Deterioration Scale
Dr. Barry Reisberg, provide caregivers an overview of the stage of cognitive function for those suffering form primary degenerative dementia such Alzheimer’s disease.
Global Deterioration Scale
GDS: the pre- dementia stages
stage 1-3
GDS: the dementia stages
stage 4-7
beginning of ____, an individual can no longer survive without assistance.
stage 5
More specific assessment for AD
Brief Cognitive Rating Scale (BCRS)
Functional Assessment Staging (FAST)
drugs used to txt AD :
INC ach level ach the synapse
block glutamate activity
typically prescribed for mild to moderate disease
txt of vascular dementia (dementia associated w/ cerebrovascular disease)
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
enzyme that degrades Ach
acetylcholinesterase
appears to enhance the degeneration of cholinergic neurons
AChE-S
has been shown to be neuroprotective in human & animals studies
AChE-R
MOA: is a specific and reversible Inh of AChE, the predominant cholinesterase in the brain. it exerts its therapeutic effect by enhancing cholinergic function in the central nervous system by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine through reversible inhibition of its hydrolysis by AChE
use in all stages of Alzheimer’s
Donepezil (Aricept)
Donepezil (Aricept) ADR:
CI: CVD cause heart block
asthma - bronchoconstriction
Anemia, abnormal dreams, abnormal crying, aggression, agitation, anxiety, apathy, aphasia, liver failure.
Moa: is a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholine esterase & enhances the intrinsic action of acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors, leading to increased cholinergic neurotransmission in the CNS.
used in Mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease.
Galantamine (razadyne)
Galantamine (razadyne) ADR:
CI: several renal & hepatic impairment
Serious skin reactions
CNS depression
Vagotonic effects on heart rate
weight loss
seizures
increase gastric acid secretion
bladder outflow obstruction
BPH symptoms exacerbation
MOA: a cholinesterase inh, inhibits both butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase
it is thought to work by inh these cholinesterase enzymes, which otherwise break down the brain neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Rivastigmine (exelon)
Rivastigmine (exelon) ADR:
allergic dermatitis (patch)
CNS depression
Extrapyramidal symptoms
N/V & diarrhoea
Anorexia
Weight loss
bradycardia, heart block
block the actions of glutamate at NMDA receptors sites.
is a non-competitive NMDA Receptor antagonist which binds preferentially to NMDA- receptor-operated cation channels. it blocks the action of glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS
used in moderate to severe
Memantine (Ebixa/Namenda)
N-methyl- D- Aspartate receptor inhibitors
abdominal pain & cramping
dizziness
diarrhea
Nausea
Sedation
Hypotension
INC urination
Pseudoparkinsonism
myocardial infraction, erectile dysfunction & suicide ideation
Nausea (except ____)
Memantine
Sedation & Hypotension (except___)
INC urination (only)
Donepezil
Pseudoparkinsonism (except___)
Rivastigmine & memantine
myocardial infraction, erectile dysfunction & suicide ideation
Memantine
Memantine ADR:
Cl: patient w/ CV disease, epilepsy, history of convulsion or those w/ predisposing factors for epilepsy. Moderate to severe renal and severe hepatic impairment. Pregnancy & lactation.
h/a
dizziness
constipation
HTN
Somnolence
Anxiety
confusion
hallucination
fatigue
fungal infections
Cystitis
thromboembolism
inc libido
psychotic rxn
pancreatitis
is used to txt dementia (memory loss & mental changes) associated w/ moderate or severe alzheimer’s disease
hydrochloride extended-release and 10mg Donepezil
hydrochloride (14 mg/10mg) or 28 mg memantine hydrochloride extended- release and 10 mg donepezil hydrochloride (28 mg/10mg).
used moderate to severe
Memantine + Donepezil (namzaric)
Memantine + Donepezil (namzaric) ADR:
diarrhea
anorexia
vomiting
nausea
Ecchymosis
caprylic acid is a fatty acid found in processed _____. the human body breaks down caprylic acid into the protein ketone. A similar protein is used in a drug called _____
Coconut oil
Ketasyn (2)
regular consumption of ____ reduced cognitive impairment. But, it’s important to note this research was conducted in animals, not humans
Omega 3 fatty acids
is an alternative medicine that is believed to promote self-healing by using fine, sterile needles. This therapy is thought to stimulate the body and improve the flow of energy.
Acupuncture
enhances mood and memory
Aromatherapy
gingko biloba may benefit people w/ cognitive impairment caused by AD.
herbal medicine
