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AY BMSc Statistics > Mock Questions > Flashcards

Mock Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What does the mean describe?

A

How data is concentrated

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2
Q

What does standard deviation describe?

A

How data is separated

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3
Q

How is the mean calculated?

A

Sum of all the samples / no. of samples

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4
Q

How is SD calculated?

A 
Square root of:
Sum of (x - mean) squared / n-1
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5
Q

What shape is ND graph?

A

Bell curve

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6
Q

Where is the mean on a ND graph?

A

Peak

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7
Q

How much data is included in the ranges of mean +/- 1, 2 and 3 SD’s?

A

+/- 1 SD = 68%
+/- 2 SD = 95%
+/- 3 SD = 99%

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8
Q

What forms can be inputted to SPSS?

A

txt
excel
input manually

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of data?

A

Numerical
Nominal
Ordinal

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10
Q

What is nominal data? Give an example

A

Categories without rank

e.g. gender, colour weekday, place

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11
Q

What is ordinal data?

A

Categories with rank

e.g. pain, satisfaction, comfort

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12
Q

What data characteristics can be shown using a histogram?

A

Frequency and distribution

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13
Q

In SPSS, what can users do on variable view?

A

Define variable

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14
Q

In SPSS, what can users do with data view?

A

Input and edit data

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15
Q

What is the median?

A

Middle number when the data is ordered

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16
Q

What does the crosstab function do?

A

Arranges 2 variables into a table

Can calculate hypothesis and chi square directly

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17
Q

What is an error bar?

A

Mean with: SD, SEM or 95% CI

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18
Q

When should an error bar be used compared to a box plot?

A

Error bar - when data is ND

Box plot - when data is not ND

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19
Q

What is a box plot?

A 
The median (50%)
Quartiles (25% and 75%)
Extreme values (min and max)
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20
Q

What does a scatter/dot graph show?

A

Data trends/patterns between 2 variables

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21
Q

How is SEM calculated?

A

SD / square root of n

22
Q

What does 95% CI mean?

A

Confidence that the range will include 95% of local mean

23
Q

When is the median more useful than the mean?

A

When the data is not normal distribution

24
Q

How is variance calculated?

A

The square of SD

25
Q

What is a pie/bar chart useful for showing?

A

Proportions and percentages in data

26
Q

In SPSS how what can data be exported as?

A

txt
excel
Word file
HTML

27
Q

If p is LESS THAN 0.05 what does this mean?

A

SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE

28
Q

If p is GREATER THAN 0.05 what does this mean?

A

NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE

29
Q

What do * and ** mean?

A
  • p <0.05
    ** p 1,0.01
    SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
30
Q

When would you accept the null hypothesis?

A

If p < 0.05

31
Q

What are the key indices used in test of hypothesis?

A

Mean
SD
Sample size
Significant level (p)

32
Q

What is the difference between dependent and independent data?

A

Independent - measurements done once for each individual

Dependent - samples taken two/multiple times for each individual

33
Q

What are the 3 indications to use an independent t test?

A

Normal distribution
Numerical data
Small sample size (big still ok)

34
Q

What test should be used for dependent data?

A

Paired t test

35
Q

What is an alternative if data is not suitable for t test?

A

ANOVA

36
Q

What result from ANOVA would indicate the need for a post-hoc test?

A

p < 0.05 to check which pair ARE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT

37
Q

What assumption is made when using a Chi square?

A

All groups have the same chance (equal no. from each group)

38
Q

What test methods can be used for data that is not numerical or normal distribution?

A

Wilcoxon signed-ranked test

Mann-Whitney U test

39
Q

When is a Wilcoxon signed-ranked test used?

A

For non-numerical or normal distribution data that is related/paired/dependent

40
Q

When is Mann-Whitney U test used?

A

No requirements on data distribution
Usually ordinal data
Also scale if the data is not normal distribution

41
Q

What is the correlation coefficient used to quantify?

A

How variables are linearly correlated

42
Q

What results would be expected for correlation and what do they mean?

A

Value between -1 and 1
0 is the worst value for correlation
Closer the value to 1 or -1 the more correlated

43
Q

When should linear regression be used?

A

If 2 variables have a significant linear correlation

44
Q

What is the purpose of linear regression?

A

To construct an equation to describe the relationship between the 2 variables

45
Q

What form does a linear regression equation follow?

A

y - b1 + b2x

y = mx + c

46
Q

What does b1 mean in a linear regression equation?

A

The intercept

47
Q

What does b2 indicate in a linear regression equation?

A

The gradient of the slope

48
Q

What is the purpose of survival analysis?

A

To analyse how a ratio of occured to inon-occured cases changes with time

49
Q

What is needed for survival analysis to work?

A

Large sample size

50
Q

What is the purpose of meta analysis?

A

To compare different opinions by analysing multi source data to find which is the favourite by most studies

51
Q

What is needed for meta analysis to work?

A

Data needs to be in similar format

52
Q

What does Ho state?

A

There is no significant difference between 2 groups

AY BMSc Statistics (2 decks)

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