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NBEO part 1 -wrong questions on kmk mocks > mock 2 > Flashcards

mock 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Accomm Insufficiency is characterized by

A

A. reduced amplitude of accommodation
- reduce PRA
-high lag of accommodatio
- inability to clear minus moenses on monocular and binocular accomm facility test

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2
Q

accommodative excess is

A
  • reduced NRA
  • high amplitude of accommodation
  • cant clear plus lense
    -low lag or lead of accommodation
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3
Q

What is B lymphocytes?

A

-allow for specific humoral immunity
- secrete antibodies -> provide humoral immunity against specific antigen

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4
Q

What is the role of T lymphocytes?

A
  • provide specific immune response against antigens w/in tissues
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5
Q

What is role of natural killer cells?

A

nonspecific - initial nonspecific reponse angainst antigen

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6
Q

the inner layer of the optic cups develops from ____, this includes?

A

develop from NEURAL RETINA
- PR, bipolar, amacrine, horizontal, Muller, ganglion cells

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7
Q

The RPE is derived from

A

the outer layer of the optic cup

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8
Q

What is Zonula Occludens?

A
  • aka tight junction
  • “belt” wraps around entire cell
  • force particles to travel through cels rather then through cells
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9
Q

what is gluconeogensis?

A

production of glucose w/out the breakdown of glycogen
- occurs in Kiver -> provide to high oxygen tissues = retina

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10
Q

Whatis glycogenesis?

A

production glycogen, occurs in muscles and liver

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11
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

breakdown of glycogen in muscles and liver

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12
Q

which 2 lasers are MOST commonlu used for laser peripheral iridotomies?

A

Argon & Nd: YAG

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13
Q

What are Krypton laser used for?

A

Photocoagulation of retina

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14
Q

At what age does a child understand concept of reversibility?

A

stage 7-12yo

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15
Q

what 3 test measure the accuracy of accommodative?

A

FCC/BCC
MEM retinoscopy
Nott’s retinoscopy

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16
Q

What 3 test measures how much accommodation is present?

A

Minus lens test
push-up test
pull-away test

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17
Q

what is an inset?

A

dist from geometrical optical center to near optical center of bifocal segment

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18
Q

what are 3 physiological nystagmus?

A
  1. End - point (in extreme horizontal gaze)
  2. caloric (COWS - caloric testing of vestibular system)
  3. Optokinetic (maintains image of a moving obj on fovea when head is stationary)
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19
Q

what is latent nystagmus?

A

pathological nystagmus - one eye is occluded, associated w/ essential infantile esotropia and amblyopia

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20
Q

Accommodation reaches adult levels by

A

3 months

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21
Q

which of the following lenses will have the GREATEST amount of chromatic ?

A

Polycarbonate

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22
Q

What is an entrance pupil?

A

image of aperture stop formed by all lenses in front of it
- if no lenses = aperture stop = entrance pupil

Aperture stop

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23
Q

What is the exit pupil?

A

image of the aperture stop formed by all lenses BEHINH it

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24
Q

which drugs may cause anterior subcapsular deposits?

A
  1. chlorpromazine
  2. thioridazine
  3. amiodarone
  4. Miotics (pilocarpine)
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25
Q

Corticosteroids is associated w/ developement of _____ subcapsular cataracts

A

posterior

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26
Q

which types of scleritis is typically due to chronic rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Necrotizing w/OUT inflammation
- ex Scleromalacia perforans
- caused by chronic rheumatoid arthritis

S/S
- minimal symptoms
- minimal injection
- gray-blue patches of scleral thinning

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27
Q

accommodation reaches adult level by ___ mos

A

3

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28
Q

What is entrance pupil?

A

image of the aperture stop formed by all lenses in front of it

  • if no lenses; aperture stop = entrance pupil
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28
Q

what is the exit pupil?

A

image of aperture stop formed by all lenses behind it

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28
Q

what are the water-soluble vitamins that are not stored by the body?

A

B1, B2, B3, B6, B12
C

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28
Q

what is aperture stop?

A

the physical entity that limits amount of light entering into an optical system

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28
Q

What is field stop?

A

the physical entity that limits the size of the object that can by viewed by an optical system
ex. Window

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29
Q

What are the FAT- soluble vitamins that are stored in the body (and can thus lead to toxicity)?

A

ADEK = (FAT- soluble)

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30
Q

Which color test can be used to distinguish btw anomalous trichromats and dichromats?

A
31
Q

What can Ishihara plates detect?

A

Red-green defects

32
Q

What can the HRR plates and Farnsworth D-15 detect?

A

red-green and blue-yellow defects

33
Q

what 5 drugs may cause whorl keratopathy?

A

Chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine
Amiodarone
Indomethacin
-
Tamoxifen

“CHAI-T”

34
Q

what 2 drugs may cause pigmentation on corneal endothelium, crystalline lens pigmentation, & pigmentary retinopathy?

A

Chloropromazine
Promethazine

35
Q

increasing water content in silicone hydrogel in CL will _____ oxygen transmission via silicone?

A

Decrease

  • silicone = more permeable to oxygen > H20
  • if H2O incrs = less silicone concentration = reduced oxygen transmission due to reduced silicone
36
Q

A patient’s measured visual acuity reprsents which functions?

A

High spatial frequency cutoff on contrast sensitivity function
- occurs bc of optical limitations of visual system & density of photoreceptors

  • ability to resolve details physically limited by spacing of photoreceptor
37
Q

what is the Seg Inset?

A

major reference point (MRP) to center of bifocal segment

or

(dist PD - near PD)/2 for each eye

38
Q

what is the total inset?

A

geometric center of lens to center of bifocal segment

or

(frame PD - near PD) / 2

39
Q

What are the side effects associated w/ amiodarone?

A
  1. NAION: rare SE
  2. Whorl keratopathy: common at doses > 400 mg/day
  3. Anterior subcapsular lens deposits: doses > 600 mg/day after 6 mos tx
40
Q

which 3 eye movements are associated w/ fixation?

A
  1. microsaccades (intentional conjugate eye movements that move fovea back on the object after microdrifts and microtremors
  2. microtremors (unintentional)
  3. microdrffts (unintentional)

maintain fixation on an object

41
Q

which of the following. wavelength is the point of equal sensitivity of photopic and scotopic system?

A

650nm

scotopic system most sensitive to 507nm
photopic system most sensitive to 555nm

42
Q

what is average refractive error in full term newborns?

A

+2.00D (+/- 0.75D)

emmetropization after birth -> losing 3D power to reach state of emmetropia or low hyperopia by age 1 yr

43
Q

what type of aberration MOST likely to affect low-medium powered spectacle lens?

A

Radial astigmatism & Curvature of fiels - affect image quality of spec
- FIX: BC based on Tscherning ellipse

Spherical aberration & coma - small pupil size only allow paraxial rays into eye

Distortion - in high powered specs

44
Q

what is the trichromatic theory?

A

color vision determined by trichromatic theory
- there are 3 diff cone photoreceptor w/ diff absorption spectra.
- color discrimination based on response to 3 cone PR to light w/ given wavelength & response is based on absorption spectra

45
Q

hereditary color vision defects are often diagnosed in males due to ______ inheritance patterns?

A

X - linked recessive

  • if mother are carrier of color defect, 50% chance make son will have color vision defect
46
Q

What is Bloch’s law?

A

governs temporal summation & states that total number photons for stimulus below critical duration is constant

“Bloch’s likes to go to temple bc he is constant”

47
Q

what is Ricco’s law?

A

govern spatial summation

” Ricco’s needs his Space”

48
Q

what is Weber’s law and DeVries-Rose Law?

A

play role in light adaptation

49
Q

what branches of ophthalmic artery supplies lacrimal sac?

A

Dorsal nasal artery

50
Q

the lacrimal artery supplies…

A

lateral rectus + lac gland

51
Q

what are the functions of RPE?

A
  1. Store & metabolized vit A
  2. absorption of light
  3. phagocytosis of PR outer segments
  4. transfer ions, water, metabolites btw choroid, and retina, absorbed light that is not absorbed by PR
  5. Production VEGF/ growth factors
  6. BRB
52
Q

the ethmoid artery supplies

A

sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal sinuses

53
Q

what is the abbe for CR-39?

A

CR- 39
- highest Abbe = 58
- least amount chromatic aberration

54
Q

What is an ON-center bipolar cell ?

A

Inh by glutamate, depolarized when light is present

-hyperpolarized due to constant release glutamat

55
Q

What is an Off-center bipolar cell ?

A

Excited by glutamate, hyper-polarized when light is present

56
Q

which HA is associated w/
- red eyes
- nasal congestion
- transient ipsilateral Horner’s syndrom

A

Cluster HA

  • men 30-50yo
    -orbital or temporal pain
  • wake pt up in middle of night
  • transient or permanent Horner’s syndrome on same side as cluster HA
56
Q

What is a hydrop?

A
  • sign in KCN
  • tear in Descemet’s membrane -> corneal edema that ruptures corneal epithelium
57
Q

What Antibiotics can treat MRSA?

A

” MRSA can be very difficult to tx”

  • C – Clindamycin
    B – Bactrim (sulfameth+trimethoprim)/ Besivance (topical)
    Vancomycin
    Doxy
    TMP & Tobramycin (topical)
58
Q

what antibiotic is effective against MSSA?

A

Dicloxacillin

59
Q

which of the following meds MOST likely to cause corneal toxicity?

a. loteprednol
b. prednisolone acetate
c. diclofenac
d. difluprednate

A

C. diclofenac = topical NSAID
- SE: corneal toxicity
- corneal melt

60
Q

which meds may be associated w/ NAION?

A
  1. erectile dysfx (sildenafil, verdenafil)
  2. sumatriptan & amiodarone
61
Q
A
62
Q

for every ___mm change in BC = __D change in power

A

0.1mm BC = 0.50D power

if flattened by 0.05mm = +0.25 D FAP

63
Q

5 yo pt is 1.75 hyperopia, what RE is he MOST likely to have at age 14?

A

at 5 yo >1.50D hyperopia = hyperopic @ 14 yo

at 5 yo 0.50-1.25D hyperopia = emmetropic at 14 yo

at 5 yo < 0.50D hyperopia = myopic @ 14 yo

64
Q

children can copy circle at ___ age?

A

3 yo

65
Q

children can copy cross & square at ___ age?

A

4 yo

66
Q

children can copy triangle at ___ age?

A

5 yo

67
Q

The subcutaneous areolar layer contains

A

loose connective tissue
levator aponeurosis in upper eyelid

68
Q

submuscular areolar layer contains

A

loss connective tissue
levator aponeurosis
palpebral portion of lacrimal gland in upper eyelid

69
Q

the posterior muscular layer of superior eyelid contains

A

muller’s muscle

70
Q

____ & ____ lens abberations can be minimized by selecting appropriate BC?

A

Curvature of field
Radial Astigmatism

71
Q

which 3 ocular conditions can cause unilateral disc edema?

A
  1. Ischemia (NAION or AAION)
  2. CRVO, optic disc drusen, hypotony, uveitis
  3. Inflammatory (optic neuritis)
  4. Compressive (Grave’s opthalmopathy)
72
Q

which 3 area of sclera contain elastin?

A
  1. Lamina fusca - innermost layer of sclera that is shared w/ chorioid
  2. Lamina cribosa
  3. Scleral spur - origin site of longitudinal ciliary muscle fibers
73
Q

the classic clinical triad retinitis pigmentosa includes

A
  1. retinal bone-spicule pigmentation
  2. Arteriolar attenuation
  3. waxy optic disc pallor (bc orthograde degeneration)
  • Cystoid mac edema
  • optic disc drusen
  • PSC cataracts
74
Q

What are the signs associataed w/ ocular rosacea?

A
  • papules on forehead and cheek, telangiectasia
  • rhinophyma (sabaceous gland hyperplasia of nose)
  • recurrent hordeola

facial flushing - associated w/ triggers (alcohol, exertion, spicy food, caffeine) - not spontaneous

75
Q

3 meds that inhibit phospholipase A2 to decrs inflammation?

A
  • triaminconoline
  • hydroxychloroquine (tx Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, anti-malarial)
  • prednisone
76
Q

what is MOA aspirin?

A

irreversibly inh Cox 1 and 3 enzymes - decrs production of prostaglandins & thromboxanes

77
Q

what is MOA of indomethacine and naproxen sodium?

A

reversible inh of cox 1 and 2

78
Q

which 2 types of refractive errors BEST corrected w/ spec ?

A

Axial myope
axial hyperope

Knapps law - minimize relative spec mag -

NBEO part 1 -wrong questions on kmk mocks (2 decks)

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