Mobility Flashcards
1
Q
pallor
A
paleness of the skin; component of neurovascular assessment for perfusion
2
Q
paresthesia
A
abnormal sensation; could be experienced as numbness, tingling, or what is colloquially called “pins and needles.”
component of neurovascular assessment for sensation
3
Q
paralysis
A
loss of any function, such as mobility, sensation, secretion, or mental ability
component of neurovascular assessment
for movement
4
Q
components of neurovascular assessment
A
- Pain
- Pallor (perfusion)
- Peripheral pulses
- Paresthesia (sensation)
- Paralysis (movement)
- Pressure
Fun pg. 721 box 26-7
5
Q
atrophy
A
decrease in the size of a body structure; a wasting of tissues, organs, or the entire body, as from death and reabsorption of cells, diminished cellular proliferation, decreased cellular volume, pressure, ischemia, malnutrition, lessened function, or hormonal changes
6
Q
contractures
A
permanently contracted state of a muscle
7
Q
ergonomics
A
practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker and providing a means for adjusting the work environment and work practices to prevent injuries
8
Q
flaccidity
A
decreased muscle tone; synonym for hypotonicity
9
Q
footdrop
A
complication resulting from extended plantar flexion
10
Q
isokinetic exercise
A
exercise involving muscle contractions with resistance varying at a constant rate
11
Q
isometric exercise
A
exercise in which muscle tension occurs without a significant change in muscle length
12
Q
isotonic exercise
A
movement in which muscles shorten (contract) and move
13
Q
orthopedics
A
the correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion
14
Q
paresis
A
impaired muscle strength or weakness
15
Q
passive exercise
A
manual or mechanical means of moving the joints
16
Q
patient care ergonomics
A
practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker in relation to patient care
Fun pg. 1135
17
Q
range of motion
A
(ROM) complete extent of movement of which a joint is normally capable
18
Q
spasticity
A
increased muscle tone
19
Q
tonus
A
normal, partially steady state of muscle contraction
20
Q
Ball-and-socket joint
A
The rounded head of one bone fits into a cuplike cavity in the other;
flexion–extension,
abduction–adduction, and rotation can occur
(e.g., shoulder and hip joints).
21
Q
Condyloid joint
A
The oval head of one bone fits into a shallow cavity of another bone;
flexion–extension and abduction–adduction can occur (e.g., wrist joint and joints connecting fingers to palm).
22
Q
Gliding join
A
Flat surfaces of the bone slide over one another;
flexion–extension and abduction–adduction can occur (e.g., carpal bones of wrist and tarsal bones of feet).
23
Q
Hinge joint
A
A spool-like (rounded) surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another bone; only flexion–extension can occur (e.g., elbow, knee, ankle joints).
24
Q
Pivot joint
A
A ring-like structure that turns on a pivot; movement is limited to rotation (e.g., joints between the atlas and axis of the neck and between the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna at the wrist).
25
Saddle joint
Bone surfaces are convex on one side and concave on the other; movements include flexion–extension,
adduction–abduction, circumduction, and
opposition (e.g., joint between the trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb).
26
Abduction
Lateral movement of a body part away from the midline of the body. Example: A person’s arm is abducted when it is moved away from the body.
27
Adduction
Lateral movement of a body part toward the midline of the body. Example: A person’s arm is adducted when it is moved from an outstretched position to a position alongside the body.
28
Circumduction
Turning in a circular motion; combines abduction, adduction, extension, and flexion. Example: Circling the arm at the shoulder, as in bowling or a serve in tennis.
29
Flexion
The state of being bent. Example: A person’s cervical spine is flexed when the head is bent forward, chin to chest.
30
Extension
The state of being in a straight line. Example: A person’s cervical spine is extended when the head is held straight on the spinal column.
31
Hyperextension
The state of exaggerated extension. It often results in an angle greater than 180 degrees. Example: A person’s cervical spine is hyperextended when looking overhead, toward the ceiling.
32
Dorsiflexion
Backward bending of the hand or foot. Example: A person’s foot is in dorsiflexion when the toes are brought up as though to point them at the knee.
33
Plantar flexion
Flexion of the foot. Example: A person’s foot is in plantar flexion in the footdrop position. Foot moves away from the ankle
34
Rotation
Turning on an axis; the turning of a body part on the axis provided by its joint. Example: A thumb is rotated when it is moved to make a circle.
35
Internal rotation
A body part turning on its axis toward the midline of the body. Example: A leg is rotated internally when it turns inward at the hip and the toes point toward the midline of the body.
36
External rotation
A body part turning on its axis away from the midline of the body. Example: A leg is rotated externally when it turns outward at the hip and the toes point away from the midline of the body.
37
Pronation
The assumption of the prone position. Example: A person is in the prone position when lying on the abdomen; a person’s palm is prone when the forearm is turned so that the palm faces downward.
38
Supination
The assumption of the supine position. Example: A person is in the supine position when lying on the back; a person’s palm is supine when the forearm is turned so that the palm faces upward.
39
Inversion
Movement of the sole of the foot inward (occurs at the ankle)
40
Eversion
Movement of the sole of the foot outward (occurs at the ankle)
41
Opposition
Rotation of the thumb around its long access (movement of the thumb across the palm to touch each fingertip of the same hand)
42
achondroplasia
congentital bone formation problem; premature bone ossification (bone tissue formation) leads to dwarfism
43
osteogenesis imperfecta
congenital bone formation problem; characterized by excessively brittle bones and multiple fractures both at birth and later in life
44
Rickets
Nutrition-related bone formation problem; vitamin D deficiency resulting in deformities of the growing skeleton
45
Paget's disease
Disease-related bone formation problem; excessive bone destruction and abnormal regeneration result in skeletal pain, deformities, and pathologic fractures
46
osteoporosis
Age-related bone formation problem; in which bone destruction exceeds bone formation and in which the resultant thin, porous bones fracture easily
47
arthritis
characterized by inflammation, pain, damage to joint cartilage, and/or stiffness
48
degenerative joint disease
AKA osteoarthitis; noninflammatory, progressive disorder of movable joints, particularly weight-bearing joints, characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage and pain with motion
49
Effects of immobility to the cardiovascular system
```
increased cardiac workload
hypotension
venous stasis
thrombi formation
venous thrombosis
```
50
Effects of immobility to the respiratory system
decreased ventilatory effort
increased respiratory secretions (leads to respiratory congestion)
decrease in the depth and rate of respirations (due to reduced need for oxygen by body cells)
respiratory infections
hypostatic pneumonia
51
Effects of immobility to the musculoskeletal system
atrophy
arthropathy (joint disease)
decreased joint mobility and flexibility
bone demineralization
limited endurance (resulting in problems with ADLs)
contractures and ankylosis
osteoporosis
52
Effects of immobility in the metabolic processes
decreased metabolic rate
negative nitrogen balance
anorexia
GI problems
electrolyte imbalance
53
Effects of immobility in the urinary system
urinary stasis
Poor I&O
renal calculi (kidney stones)
urinary retention and incontinence
alkaline urine
all contributing to higher risk of UTIs
54
Effects of immobility to the skin
impaired circulation causes skin breakdown
pressure injuries
55
Effects of immobility to psychosocial outlook
decreased body image
decreased self esteem
isolation
altered thought process
56
tremors
Repetitive, often regular, oscillatory movements caused by alternate, or synchronous, but irregular contraction of opposing muscle groups;
General ease of movement: involuntary movement
57
Tics
Habitual, repeated contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods (e.g., clearing the throat, sniffing, pursing the lips, excessive blinking); especially prominent when the person is under stress; there is no known pathologic substrate.
General ease of movement: involuntary movement
58
chorea
Irregular, spasmodic, involuntary movements of the limbs or facial muscles, often accompanied by hypotonia (relaxation of the arteries)
General ease of movement: involuntary movement
59
Athetosis
Slow, writhing, snakelike involuntary movements involving flexion, extension, pronation, and supination of the fingers and hands, and sometimes of the toes and feet as well. Usually caused by an extrapyramidal lesion
General ease of movement: involuntary movement
60
Dystonia
A state of abnormal (either hypo- or hyper-) tonicity in any tissue, particularly skeletal muscle. SYN torsion spasm
General ease of movement: involuntary movement
61
Fasciculations
Involuntary contractions, or twitchings, of groups (fasciculi) of muscle fibers, a coarser form of muscular contraction than fibrillation.
General ease of movement: involuntary movement
62
Myoclonus
One or a series of shocklike contractions of a group of muscles, of variable regularity, synchrony, and symmetry, generally due to a central nervous system lesion
General ease of movement: involuntary movement
63
Oral–facial dyskinesias
Difficulty in performing voluntary movement of the face and mouth
General ease of movement: involuntary movement
64
Spastic hemiparesis
Weakness affecting one side of the body
abnormalities of gait and posture
65
scissors gait
A manner of walking cross-legged, mimicking the motion of scissors; commonly associated with spastic paraplegia.
abnormalities of gait and posture
66
steppage gait
A gait in which the advancing foot is lifted higher than usual so that it can clear the ground, because it cannot be dorsiflexed. Seen with peroneal neuropathies and other disorders causing foot dorsiflexion weakness.
abnormalities of gait and posture
67
ataxia
An inability to coordinate muscle activity, causing jerkiness, and inefficiency of voluntary movement. Often due to disorders of the cerebellum or the posterior columns of the spinal cord; may involve limbs, head, or trunk; senory ataxia and cerebral ataxia
abnormalities of gait and posture
68
Parkinsonian gait
AKA festinating gaitt; locomotion in which the trunk is flexed, legs are flexed at the knees and hips, but stiff, whereas the steps are short and progressively more rapid; characteristically seen with parkinsonism (1) and other neurologic diseases
abnormalities of gait and posture
69
Crepitation
(1) Crackling; the quality of a fine bubbling sound (rale) that resembles noise heard on rubbing hair between the fingers; (2) Noise or vibration produced by rubbing bone or irregular cartilage surfaces together as by movement of patella against femoral condyles in arthritis and other conditions
70
Hypotonicity
low tone muscle
71
Trapeze Bar
a handgrip suspended from a frame near the head of the bed. A patient can grasp the bar with one or both hands and raise one’s trunk from the bed. The trapeze makes moving and turning considerably easier for many patients and facilitates transfers into and out of bed. It can also be used when a patient needs to perform exercises that strengthen some muscles of the upper extremities
72
phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
73
deep vein thrombosis
AKA DVT; Formation of one or more thrombi in the deep veins, usually of the lower extremity or in the pelvis; carries a high risk of pulmonary embolism.
74
thrombi
blood clots
75
pulmonary embolism
Embolism of pulmonary arteries, most frequently by detached fragments of thrombus from a leg or pelvic vein, commonly when thrombosis has followed an operation or confinement to bed
76
Ossification
Ossification, the conversion of cartilage to bone
77
kyphosis
an outward curvature of the spine
78
lordosis
inward curvature of cervical (infants) or spine (pregnant women)
79
epiphysis
the end of a long bone; In infants, the epiphyses are cartilaginous and ossify over time. In children, the epiphysis is the secondary ossification center at the end of the bone
80
internal tibial torsion
In utero, the fetus’ hips are usually flexed, abducted, and externally rotated, with the knees also flexed and the lower limbs inwardly rotated; normal development
81
genu varum
AKA bowlegs; outward (bowing) at the knee
82
genu valgum
AKA knock-knees; knees are touching, the ankles are significantly separated, with the lower portion of the legs angled outward
83
in-toe
AKA metatarsus adductus; Medial deviation of the axis of the foot; newborns feet as a result of in utero positioning
84
Pes planus
AKA flat feet; The long arch of the foot is not yet developed and makes contact with the floor, resulting in a medial bulge
85
Functional capacity
a person’s ability to perform ADLs and instrumental activities of daily living
86
activities of daily living
(ADLs): personal care activities, such as bathing, dressing, grooming, eating, toileting, and transferring
87
instrumental activities of daily living
(IADLs): complex skills needed for independent living, such as shopping, cooking, housework, using the telephone, managing medications and finances, and being able to travel by car or public transportation
88
Functional Independence Measure (FIM™)
The FIM™ is a minimum data set, measuring 18 self-care items including eating, bathing, grooming, dressing upper body, dressing lower body, toileting, bladder management, and bowel management
89
diaphoresis
perspiration
90
spinal stenosis
Abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal, often with compression of the spinal cord
91
radiculopathy
disease of a spinal nerve root, often resulting in pain and extreme sensitivity to touch; eg pain radiating down the leg
92
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve, resulting in pain and tenderness along the nerve through the thigh and leg
93
proprioception
A sense or perception, usually at a subconscious level, of the movements and position of the body and especially its limbs, independent of vision
94
Agnosia
loss of ability to recognize objects through a particular sensory system; may be visual, auditory, or tactile
95
clonus
abnormal movement marked by alternating contraction and relaxation of a muscle occurring in rapid succession
96
Babinski reflex (sign)
a reflex action of the toes; in adults is indicative of abnormalities in the motor control pathways leading from the cerebral cortex
