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NSG100.EXAM2 > Mobility > Flashcards

Mobility Flashcards

1
Q

pallor

A

paleness of the skin; component of neurovascular assessment for perfusion

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2
Q

paresthesia

A

abnormal sensation; could be experienced as numbness, tingling, or what is colloquially called “pins and needles.”

component of neurovascular assessment for sensation

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3
Q

paralysis

A

loss of any function, such as mobility, sensation, secretion, or mental ability

component of neurovascular assessment
for movement

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4
Q

components of neurovascular assessment

A
  1. Pain
  2. Pallor (perfusion)
  3. Peripheral pulses
  4. Paresthesia (sensation)
  5. Paralysis (movement)
  6. Pressure

Fun pg. 721 box 26-7

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5
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in the size of a body structure; a wasting of tissues, organs, or the entire body, as from death and reabsorption of cells, diminished cellular proliferation, decreased cellular volume, pressure, ischemia, malnutrition, lessened function, or hormonal changes

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6
Q

contractures

A

permanently contracted state of a muscle

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7
Q

ergonomics

A

practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker and providing a means for adjusting the work environment and work practices to prevent injuries

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8
Q

flaccidity

A

decreased muscle tone; synonym for hypotonicity

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9
Q

footdrop

A

complication resulting from extended plantar flexion

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10
Q

isokinetic exercise

A

exercise involving muscle contractions with resistance varying at a constant rate

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11
Q

isometric exercise

A

exercise in which muscle tension occurs without a significant change in muscle length

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12
Q

isotonic exercise

A

movement in which muscles shorten (contract) and move

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13
Q

orthopedics

A

the correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion

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14
Q

paresis

A

impaired muscle strength or weakness

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15
Q

passive exercise

A

manual or mechanical means of moving the joints

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16
Q

patient care ergonomics

A

practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker in relation to patient care

Fun pg. 1135

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17
Q

range of motion

A

(ROM) complete extent of movement of which a joint is normally capable

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18
Q

spasticity

A

increased muscle tone

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19
Q

tonus

A

normal, partially steady state of muscle contraction

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20
Q

Ball-and-socket joint

A

The rounded head of one bone fits into a cuplike cavity in the other;
flexion–extension,
abduction–adduction, and rotation can occur
(e.g., shoulder and hip joints).

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21
Q

Condyloid joint

A

The oval head of one bone fits into a shallow cavity of another bone;
flexion–extension and abduction–adduction can occur (e.g., wrist joint and joints connecting fingers to palm).

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22
Q

Gliding join

A

Flat surfaces of the bone slide over one another;

flexion–extension and abduction–adduction can occur (e.g., carpal bones of wrist and tarsal bones of feet).

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23
Q

Hinge joint

A

A spool-like (rounded) surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another bone; only flexion–extension can occur (e.g., elbow, knee, ankle joints).

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24
Q

Pivot joint

A

A ring-like structure that turns on a pivot; movement is limited to rotation (e.g., joints between the atlas and axis of the neck and between the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna at the wrist).

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25
Q

Saddle joint

A

Bone surfaces are convex on one side and concave on the other; movements include flexion–extension,
adduction–abduction, circumduction, and
opposition (e.g., joint between the trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb).

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26
Q

Abduction

A

Lateral movement of a body part away from the midline of the body. Example: A person’s arm is abducted when it is moved away from the body.

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27
Q

Adduction

A

Lateral movement of a body part toward the midline of the body. Example: A person’s arm is adducted when it is moved from an outstretched position to a position alongside the body.

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28
Q

Circumduction

A

Turning in a circular motion; combines abduction, adduction, extension, and flexion. Example: Circling the arm at the shoulder, as in bowling or a serve in tennis.

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29
Q

Flexion

A

The state of being bent. Example: A person’s cervical spine is flexed when the head is bent forward, chin to chest.

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30
Q

Extension

A

The state of being in a straight line. Example: A person’s cervical spine is extended when the head is held straight on the spinal column.

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31
Q

Hyperextension

A

The state of exaggerated extension. It often results in an angle greater than 180 degrees. Example: A person’s cervical spine is hyperextended when looking overhead, toward the ceiling.

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32
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Backward bending of the hand or foot. Example: A person’s foot is in dorsiflexion when the toes are brought up as though to point them at the knee.

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33
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Flexion of the foot. Example: A person’s foot is in plantar flexion in the footdrop position. Foot moves away from the ankle

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34
Q

Rotation

A

Turning on an axis; the turning of a body part on the axis provided by its joint. Example: A thumb is rotated when it is moved to make a circle.

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35
Q

Internal rotation

A

A body part turning on its axis toward the midline of the body. Example: A leg is rotated internally when it turns inward at the hip and the toes point toward the midline of the body.

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36
Q

External rotation

A

A body part turning on its axis away from the midline of the body. Example: A leg is rotated externally when it turns outward at the hip and the toes point away from the midline of the body.

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37
Q

Pronation

A

The assumption of the prone position. Example: A person is in the prone position when lying on the abdomen; a person’s palm is prone when the forearm is turned so that the palm faces downward.

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38
Q

Supination

A

The assumption of the supine position. Example: A person is in the supine position when lying on the back; a person’s palm is supine when the forearm is turned so that the palm faces upward.

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39
Q

Inversion

A

Movement of the sole of the foot inward (occurs at the ankle)

40
Q

Eversion

A

Movement of the sole of the foot outward (occurs at the ankle)

41
Q

Opposition

A

Rotation of the thumb around its long access (movement of the thumb across the palm to touch each fingertip of the same hand)

42
Q

achondroplasia

A

congentital bone formation problem; premature bone ossification (bone tissue formation) leads to dwarfism

43
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

congenital bone formation problem; characterized by excessively brittle bones and multiple fractures both at birth and later in life

44
Q

Rickets

A

Nutrition-related bone formation problem; vitamin D deficiency resulting in deformities of the growing skeleton

45
Q

Paget’s disease

A

Disease-related bone formation problem; excessive bone destruction and abnormal regeneration result in skeletal pain, deformities, and pathologic fractures

46
Q

osteoporosis

A

Age-related bone formation problem; in which bone destruction exceeds bone formation and in which the resultant thin, porous bones fracture easily

47
Q

arthritis

A

characterized by inflammation, pain, damage to joint cartilage, and/or stiffness

48
Q

degenerative joint disease

A

AKA osteoarthitis; noninflammatory, progressive disorder of movable joints, particularly weight-bearing joints, characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage and pain with motion

49
Q

Effects of immobility to the cardiovascular system

A 
increased cardiac workload
hypotension
venous stasis
thrombi formation
venous thrombosis
50
Q

Effects of immobility to the respiratory system

A

decreased ventilatory effort

increased respiratory secretions (leads to respiratory congestion)

decrease in the depth and rate of respirations (due to reduced need for oxygen by body cells)

respiratory infections

hypostatic pneumonia

51
Q

Effects of immobility to the musculoskeletal system

A

atrophy

arthropathy (joint disease)

decreased joint mobility and flexibility

bone demineralization

limited endurance (resulting in problems with ADLs)

contractures and ankylosis

osteoporosis

52
Q

Effects of immobility in the metabolic processes

A

decreased metabolic rate

negative nitrogen balance

anorexia

GI problems

electrolyte imbalance

53
Q

Effects of immobility in the urinary system

A

urinary stasis

Poor I&O

renal calculi (kidney stones)

urinary retention and incontinence

alkaline urine

all contributing to higher risk of UTIs

54
Q

Effects of immobility to the skin

A

impaired circulation causes skin breakdown

pressure injuries

55
Q

Effects of immobility to psychosocial outlook

A

decreased body image

decreased self esteem

isolation

altered thought process

56
Q

tremors

A

Repetitive, often regular, oscillatory movements caused by alternate, or synchronous, but irregular contraction of opposing muscle groups;

General ease of movement: involuntary movement

57
Q

Tics

A

Habitual, repeated contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods (e.g., clearing the throat, sniffing, pursing the lips, excessive blinking); especially prominent when the person is under stress; there is no known pathologic substrate.

General ease of movement: involuntary movement

58
Q

chorea

A

Irregular, spasmodic, involuntary movements of the limbs or facial muscles, often accompanied by hypotonia (relaxation of the arteries)

General ease of movement: involuntary movement

59
Q

Athetosis

A

Slow, writhing, snakelike involuntary movements involving flexion, extension, pronation, and supination of the fingers and hands, and sometimes of the toes and feet as well. Usually caused by an extrapyramidal lesion

General ease of movement: involuntary movement

60
Q

Dystonia

A

A state of abnormal (either hypo- or hyper-) tonicity in any tissue, particularly skeletal muscle. SYN torsion spasm

General ease of movement: involuntary movement

61
Q

Fasciculations

A

Involuntary contractions, or twitchings, of groups (fasciculi) of muscle fibers, a coarser form of muscular contraction than fibrillation.

General ease of movement: involuntary movement

62
Q

Myoclonus

A

One or a series of shocklike contractions of a group of muscles, of variable regularity, synchrony, and symmetry, generally due to a central nervous system lesion

General ease of movement: involuntary movement

63
Q

Oral–facial dyskinesias

A

Difficulty in performing voluntary movement of the face and mouth

General ease of movement: involuntary movement

64
Q

Spastic hemiparesis

A

Weakness affecting one side of the body

abnormalities of gait and posture

65
Q

scissors gait

A

A manner of walking cross-legged, mimicking the motion of scissors; commonly associated with spastic paraplegia.

abnormalities of gait and posture

66
Q

steppage gait

A

A gait in which the advancing foot is lifted higher than usual so that it can clear the ground, because it cannot be dorsiflexed. Seen with peroneal neuropathies and other disorders causing foot dorsiflexion weakness.

abnormalities of gait and posture

67
Q

ataxia

A

An inability to coordinate muscle activity, causing jerkiness, and inefficiency of voluntary movement. Often due to disorders of the cerebellum or the posterior columns of the spinal cord; may involve limbs, head, or trunk; senory ataxia and cerebral ataxia

abnormalities of gait and posture

68
Q

Parkinsonian gait

A

AKA festinating gaitt; locomotion in which the trunk is flexed, legs are flexed at the knees and hips, but stiff, whereas the steps are short and progressively more rapid; characteristically seen with parkinsonism (1) and other neurologic diseases

abnormalities of gait and posture

69
Q

Crepitation

A

(1) Crackling; the quality of a fine bubbling sound (rale) that resembles noise heard on rubbing hair between the fingers; (2) Noise or vibration produced by rubbing bone or irregular cartilage surfaces together as by movement of patella against femoral condyles in arthritis and other conditions

70
Q

Hypotonicity

A

low tone muscle

71
Q

Trapeze Bar

A

a handgrip suspended from a frame near the head of the bed. A patient can grasp the bar with one or both hands and raise one’s trunk from the bed. The trapeze makes moving and turning considerably easier for many patients and facilitates transfers into and out of bed. It can also be used when a patient needs to perform exercises that strengthen some muscles of the upper extremities

72
Q

phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein

73
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

AKA DVT; Formation of one or more thrombi in the deep veins, usually of the lower extremity or in the pelvis; carries a high risk of pulmonary embolism.

74
Q

thrombi

A

blood clots

75
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

Embolism of pulmonary arteries, most frequently by detached fragments of thrombus from a leg or pelvic vein, commonly when thrombosis has followed an operation or confinement to bed

76
Q

Ossification

A

Ossification, the conversion of cartilage to bone

77
Q

kyphosis

A

an outward curvature of the spine

78
Q

lordosis

A

inward curvature of cervical (infants) or spine (pregnant women)

79
Q

epiphysis

A

the end of a long bone; In infants, the epiphyses are cartilaginous and ossify over time. In children, the epiphysis is the secondary ossification center at the end of the bone

80
Q

internal tibial torsion

A

In utero, the fetus’ hips are usually flexed, abducted, and externally rotated, with the knees also flexed and the lower limbs inwardly rotated; normal development

81
Q

genu varum

A

AKA bowlegs; outward (bowing) at the knee

82
Q

genu valgum

A

AKA knock-knees; knees are touching, the ankles are significantly separated, with the lower portion of the legs angled outward

83
Q

in-toe

A

AKA metatarsus adductus; Medial deviation of the axis of the foot; newborns feet as a result of in utero positioning

84
Q

Pes planus

A

AKA flat feet; The long arch of the foot is not yet developed and makes contact with the floor, resulting in a medial bulge

85
Q

Functional capacity

A

a person’s ability to perform ADLs and instrumental activities of daily living

86
Q

activities of daily living

A

(ADLs): personal care activities, such as bathing, dressing, grooming, eating, toileting, and transferring

87
Q

instrumental activities of daily living

A

(IADLs): complex skills needed for independent living, such as shopping, cooking, housework, using the telephone, managing medications and finances, and being able to travel by car or public transportation

88
Q

Functional Independence Measure (FIM™)

A

The FIM™ is a minimum data set, measuring 18 self-care items including eating, bathing, grooming, dressing upper body, dressing lower body, toileting, bladder management, and bowel management

89
Q

diaphoresis

A

perspiration

90
Q

spinal stenosis

A

Abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal, often with compression of the spinal cord

91
Q

radiculopathy

A

disease of a spinal nerve root, often resulting in pain and extreme sensitivity to touch; eg pain radiating down the leg

92
Q

sciatica

A

inflammation of the sciatic nerve, resulting in pain and tenderness along the nerve through the thigh and leg

93
Q

proprioception

A

A sense or perception, usually at a subconscious level, of the movements and position of the body and especially its limbs, independent of vision

94
Q

Agnosia

A

loss of ability to recognize objects through a particular sensory system; may be visual, auditory, or tactile

95
Q

clonus

A

abnormal movement marked by alternating contraction and relaxation of a muscle occurring in rapid succession

96
Q

Babinski reflex (sign)

A

a reflex action of the toes; in adults is indicative of abnormalities in the motor control pathways leading from the cerebral cortex

NSG100.EXAM2 (2 decks)

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