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Fundamentals Exam 1 > Mobility > Flashcards

Mobility Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton

A

ribs, sternum, vertebral column, and skull

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

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3
Q

how many bones in the body

A

206

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4
Q

function of bones

A
  • form body structure
  • protect vital organs
  • provide a point of attachement for muscles
  • store minerals
  • form blood cells
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5
Q

3 types of muscles

A

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

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6
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary

critical for physical mobility

640 muscles

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7
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary

forms the supporting tissue of blood vessels and hollow internal organs

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8
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary

myocardium

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9
Q

joints

A

2 bones meet

hold skeleton together

provide mobility

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10
Q

ligaments

A

connect bones to other bones to form a joint

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11
Q

tendon

A

connect bones to muscles

carry contractile forces from muscle to bone to cause movement

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12
Q

cartilage

A

flexible connective tissue found throughout the body

  • ribs to sternum
  • structure for nose
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13
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate

-only pediatric

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14
Q

pediatric differences

A
  • epiphyseal plate
  • cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis
  • osteoblasts at growth plate produce new bone within the diaphysis to increase the length of the bone
  • bones more porous, less dense = high risk of fracture
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15
Q

older adult differences

A
  • low bone density (more bone resorped than made)
  • bones are thinner, weaker
  • spinal discs are thinner, loose fluid and thinner bones of the spine=spinal compression
  • muscle fibers derease or atrophy (muscle strength, slower rxn time and impaired balance)
  • tendons and joints are less elastic
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16
Q

Relationship between comfort and mobility/immobility

A
  • acute and chronic pain
  • end of life care
  • fatique
  • fibromyalgia
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17
Q

increased pain—>

A

less activity—>increased muscle atrophy and bone resorption

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18
Q

increased fatique—>

A

decreased muscle control—>decreased balance

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19
Q

end of life–>

A

decrease in mobility in general

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20
Q

Relationship between health/wellness/illness and mobility/immobility

A

increased physical activity–>increased muscle mass/strength and bone density

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21
Q

Relationship between stress and mobility/immobility

A

decreased mobility–>increased stress–>difficulty coping

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22
Q

Relationship between collaboration and mobility/immobility

A

interaction between multiple clinicans to regain full mobility

23
Q

Relationship between safety and mobility/immobility

A

developmental considerations

  • infants learning mobility—>increased risk of injury
  • children in sports/activities—>increased risk of injury—>decreased mobility
  • decreased mobility—>increased risk of falls and fractures in older adults esp.
24
Q

back and spinal cord alternations

A

common causes: herniated discs and scoliosis

-overweight and poor physical fitness

25
Q

Fractures

A

break in continuity of a bone

26
Q

Factors that affect severity of the fracture

A
  • nature of event
  • strength of bone
27
Q

Greatest risk factor for hip fracture

A

osteoporosis

28
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

autoimmune disorder that destroys the myelin sheath around nerves, disrupting transmission of nerve impulses

-impairs the brain’s ability to communicate with the rest of the body resulting in a variety of symptoms including sensory and motor disturbances and alterations in bowel and bladder control

hard to diagnose due to alternating symptom episodes

29
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

degeneration of cartilage and bone in a joint

  • sometimes accompanied by bone spurs
  • most commonly in knees, hips, hand and spine
30
Q

Parkinson disease

A

central nervous system disorder caused by degeneration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine

  • more common in men than women
  • progressive disease
31
Q

Spinal cord injuries

A
  • medical emergencies
  • may result in permanent disability or paralysis
  • location determines severity
32
Q

General assessment of musculoskeletal system

A
  • deformities
  • tenderness
  • pain
  • measure extremities
  • muscle mass and strength
33
Q

Gait and Posture Assessment of musculoskeletal system

A

body posture and gait

spine curvature

34
Q

Joint assessment of musculoskeletal system

A

inflammation

deformities

tenderness

warmth

pain

crepitus

35
Q

crepitus

A

grating sound or sensation

bone to bone or bone to cartilage

36
Q

ROM assessment of musculoskeletal system

A

RN to provide resistance by pushing in opposite direction

37
Q

Uric acid test

A

blood test

increased uric acid levels may indicate gout, excessive exercise and a variety of non-musculoskeletal-related disorders

38
Q

Phosphorus test

A

increased levels may indicate hypoparathyroidism

decreased levels may indicate hyperparathyroidism or lack of vit D

39
Q

Calcium

A

increased blood calcium levels could indicate the presense of metastatic bone tumors, Paget disease, bone fractures, or hyperparathyroidism.

Decreased blood calcium levels could indicate hypoparathyroidism, osteomalacia, or vit D deficiency

40
Q

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

A

ALP is produced by bone and other organs

increased ALP may indicate bone disease, bone fracture, bone tumors, osteomalacia, Paget disease,

decreased ALP may indicate Wilson disease

41
Q

Creatine Kinase (CK)

A

used to detect muscle damage, muscle inflammation, rhabdomyolysis, polymyositis, and muscular dystrophy.

CPK-MM is specific for skeletal muscle

42
Q

Rheumatoid factor

A

elevated level may indicate RA, scleroderma, lupus, and adult still disease

43
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

high levels of GH may indicate acromegaly or gigantism.

low levels of growth hormone may result in dwarfism

44
Q

parathyroid hormone/Calcitonin

A

PTH and Calcitonin have opposite actions in regulation of blood calcium levels

increased Cal. may indicate a thyroid tumor

increased PTH for osteoporosis that does not respond to therapy

45
Q

Image testing

A

bone scan

bone density

CT scans

MRI scans

xrays

46
Q

Electrical tests

A

EMG

NCV

47
Q

Independant interventions for treatment and prevention of immobility

A
  • Provide ROM
  • Provide Education
  • Promote comfort
  • Prevent injury
48
Q

Collaborative interventions for treatment and prevention of immobility

A
  • PT
  • Passive ROM
  • Active ROM
  • Actice Assistive ROM
  • Exercise
  • ambulation
  • assistive devices (walkers, crutches)
  • pharmacologic therapies
49
Q

Passive ROM

A

performed by HCW

50
Q

Active

A

performed by patient

51
Q

Anti-inflammatory drugs

A

decreases inflamation

ibuprofen, aspirin, naproxen

52
Q

Antispasmodics

A

relaxes skeletal muscles

baclofen, dantrolene

53
Q

Bone growth stimulators

A

inhibits bone resorption

osteoporosis-alendronate, risendronate

54
Q

Morse Fall Scale

A

predicts likelihood that a patient will fall

point system

performed once a day with change in patient status

provides info needed to tailor interventions to prevent falls

Fundamentals Exam 1 (8 decks)

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