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Fundamentals Exam 1 > Homeostasis/Regulation: Infection > Flashcards

Homeostasis/Regulation: Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Some micro organisms are normal resident flora in one part of the body but…

A

Produce infection in another part

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2
Q

Escherichia Coli

A

Normal inhabitant of large intestine but it common cause of the infection in urinary tract

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3
Q

Infection

A

Invasion of body system by an organism with the potential to cause illness or disease

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4
Q

Asymptomatic or subclinical

A

Micro organisms that produce no clinical evidence of disease

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5
Q

Disease

A

Micro organisms that produce detectable alteration in normal tissue function

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6
Q

Communicable disease

A

Illness directly transmitted from one individual or animal to another by contact with body fluids or indirectly transmitted by contact with contaminated objects, airborne particles or vectors

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7
Q

Vectors

A

Ticks, mosquitoes other insects or etc.

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8
Q

Infectious disease

A

Any communicable disease that is caused by microorganisms that are commonly transmitted from one individual or animal to another

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9
Q

Major cause of death in infants and children in the United States

A

Infectious disease and communicable diseases

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10
Q

Infection control is…

A

Central to delivering high-quality nursing care

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11
Q

subclinical diseases

A

Micro organisms that produce no clinical evidence of disease

some can cause considerable damage

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12
Q

WHO

A

World Health Organization

-major regulatory agency at international level

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13
Q

CDC

A

Centers for Disease Control

-principal public health agency concerned w/ disease prevention and control at national level

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14
Q

Microorganisms vary by pathogenicity..

A
  1. true pathogen

2. opportunistic pathogen

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15
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to produce disease

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16
Q

pathogen

A

microorganisms that cause disease

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17
Q

true pathogen

A

causes disease in a healthy individual

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18
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

causes disease only in susceptible individuals

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19
Q

Microorganisms also vary by virulence..

A

severity of the diseases they produce and in their degree of communicability

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20
Q

Asepsis

A

absence of disease-causing microorganisms

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21
Q

Aseptic technique

A

decreases possibility of transferring microorganisms from one place to another

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22
Q

Two basic types of asepsis

A

medical
surgical

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23
Q

Medical Asepsis

A

decreases # of microorganisms
uses clean technique

Includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area

-limiting the number, growth, and transmission

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24
Q

“clean”

A

almost all microorganisms are absent

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25
"dirty"
soiled, contaminated -Microorganisms are likely to be present, some capable of causing infection
26
Surgical Asepsis
aka sterile technique - Refers to practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms - Includes practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores - special cleaning and packaging
27
Spores
Microscopic dormant structures formed by some pathogens that are very hardy often survive common cleaning techniques
28
Sepsis
whole body inflammatory process resulting in an acute illness -also used generally to refer to state of infection
29
4 Major Types of Microorganisms/Infections
Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites
30
Bacteria
most common infection-causing microorganisms
31
Viruses
consists primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter living cells to reproduce
32
Fungi
yeasts and molds
33
Candida albicans
yeast considered normal flora in human vagina
34
Parasites
live on other organisms -protozoa (malaria, worms, anthropods)
35
Anthropods
ticks, mites, fleas
36
colonization
process by which strains of microorganisms become resident flora
37
In the colonization, microorganisms...
grow and multiply but do not cause disease
38
Infection occurs when...
newly introduced or resident microorganisms succeed in invading a part of a body where the host's defense mechanisms are ineffective and pathogen causes tissue damage
39
Infection becomes disease when...
When signs and symptoms of the infection are unique, can be differentiated from other conditions, and alter bodily function or processes
40
Infections can be..
local or systemic
41
Local infection
limited to a specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain
42
Systemic infection
microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body
43
bacteremia
condition when a culture of the individual blood reveals bacteria
44
Septicemia
When the bacteremia results in systemic infection -these have become more common recently
45
Acute Infections
appears suddenly and last a short time
46
Chronic infections
develop slowly over a long period of time and often persists for months and sometimes years
47
Chain of Infection
Etiological agent or microorganism Reservoir Portal of exit from Reservoir Transmission Portal of entry to susceptible host Susceptible host
48
Etiological agent
aka microorganism
49
Reservoir
sources of microorganisms
50
common sources of microorganisms
``` other humans client's own microorganisms plants animals general environment ```
51
Carrier
human or animal reservoir of the microorganism that may or may not show signs/symptoms
52
Portal of exit from reservoir
before infection can establish itself in a host, it must leave the reservoir
53
Method of Transmission
after it leaves the reservoir, it requires transmission to reach another receptive portal of entry
54
3 Modes of transmission
direct indirect airborne
55
Homeostasis
aka regulation -dynamic processes involved in the maintenance of body functioning
56
direct transmission
involves immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from one person to another through touching, kissing, biting, or sex. -droplet spread: sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing, or talking
57
indirect transmission
vehicle or vector-borne
58
vehicle-borne transmission
indirect any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a host through portal of entry. fomites, handkerchiefs, toys, spoiled clothes
59
vector-borne transmission
animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as transport of infectious agent to host
60
airborne transmission
involves droplets and dust
61
droplet nuclei
residue of evaporated droplets emitted by an infected host, such as individual with tuberculosis, can remain in the air for a long period of time
62
compromised host
person at increased risk and who is more likely to acquire an infection -cancer patients, HIV patients
63
Stages of Infectious Process
Incubation period Prodromal Stage Illness Stage Convalescent Stage
64
Incubation period
- active replication - no symptoms - could be hours or years
65
Prodromal Stage
- symptoms begin | - usually general and nonspecific (fever, fatigue, headache)
66
Illness Stage
- max impact of infectious process - pathogen proliferates and disseminates rapidly - tachycardic and tachypneic - local manifestations
67
Convalescent Stage
- infection contained - pathogen eliminated - affected tissues repaired - manifestations resolve - total elimination of the pathogen from the body without residual manifestations
68
carrier state
host defenses eliminate the infectious disease, but the organism continues to multiply on mucosal sites
69
Isolation
measures designed to prevent the spread of infection or potentially infectious microorganisms to health personnel, clients, and visitors
70
UP
universal precautions - techniques used with all clients to decrease risk of transmitting unidentifiable pathogens - obstruct the spread of bloodborne pathogens
71
Category-specific isolation precautions
SEVEN CATEGORIES 1. strict isolation 2. contact isolation 3. respiratory isolation 4. TB isolation 5. enteric precautions 6. drainage/secretions precautions 7. blood/body fluids precautions
72
Disease-specific isolation precautions
provide precautions to protect against a specific disease
73
Contact precautions
patients known to have or suspected of having serious illnesses that are easily transmitted by direct contact or contact with items in patients environment
74
droplet precautions
serious illnesses that are easily transmitted by particle droplets larger than 5 microns.
75
airborne precautions
serious illnesses that are easily transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei smaller then 5 microns
76
compromised host precautions
patients that are compromised. Used to protect them from us.
77
Handwashing
#1 way to prevent the spread of infection
78
When do you handwash
``` beg and end of shift before and after contact with patient between contact with different patients before invasive procedures after removing gloves before and after contact with wounds, dressing, specimens, and linens before admin of meds before and after blowing nose and using restroom ```
79
Risk factors
``` age virulence & resistance lowered body defenses chronic diseases medications immunizations modifiable risk factors pregnancy cultural beliefs psycholsocial beliefs ```
80
HAIs
Hospital Acquired Infections aka Nosocomial Infections - Skin infections - UTI - pneumonia - C-Difficile
81
Drug Resistance
Antibiotic resistance - MRSA - MDR-Pseudomonas - VRE - C-Diff - ESBL - MDR-Salmonella
82
When is surgical asepsis used
- OR - L&D - bedside - procedure w/ intentional skin perforation - skin integrity broken due to trauma, burns, incisions - insertion of cath or instruments onto sterile body cavities
83
Sterile Technique
sterile instruments, gowns, field, gloves, etc
84
Signs of localized infection
``` fever in location odor heat pain pus redness swelling ```
85
Modifiable risk factors
- hygiene - nutrition - fluid - sleep - stress
86
Signs of systemic infection
``` aches chills fever nausea vomiting weakness ```
87
Diagnostic tests used for infections
- WBC count - WBC differential - ESR - Cultures - CSF/lumbar puncture - Xray - Peak & Trough levels
88
serological testing
provides an indirect means of identifying infecting agents by detecting antibodies to the suspected organism
89
Peak and trough
monitor therapeutic blood levels of the prescribed medications. The minimum and max blood levels at which drug is effective is monitored
90
Newborns and older adults have...
reduced defenses against infection
91
Infections are a major cause of death for?
newborns because they have immature immune systems and are protected only for the first 2 or 3 months by immunoglobulins passively received from the mother
92
Infants begin to synthesize their own immunoglobulins...
between 1 and 3 months

Fundamentals Exam 1 (8 decks)

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