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Fundamentals Exam 1 > Homeostasis/Regulation: Infection > Flashcards

Homeostasis/Regulation: Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Some micro organisms are normal resident flora in one part of the body but…

A

Produce infection in another part

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2
Q

Escherichia Coli

A

Normal inhabitant of large intestine but it common cause of the infection in urinary tract

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3
Q

Infection

A

Invasion of body system by an organism with the potential to cause illness or disease

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4
Q

Asymptomatic or subclinical

A

Micro organisms that produce no clinical evidence of disease

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5
Q

Disease

A

Micro organisms that produce detectable alteration in normal tissue function

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6
Q

Communicable disease

A

Illness directly transmitted from one individual or animal to another by contact with body fluids or indirectly transmitted by contact with contaminated objects, airborne particles or vectors

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7
Q

Vectors

A

Ticks, mosquitoes other insects or etc.

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8
Q

Infectious disease

A

Any communicable disease that is caused by microorganisms that are commonly transmitted from one individual or animal to another

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9
Q

Major cause of death in infants and children in the United States

A

Infectious disease and communicable diseases

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10
Q

Infection control is…

A

Central to delivering high-quality nursing care

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11
Q

subclinical diseases

A

Micro organisms that produce no clinical evidence of disease

some can cause considerable damage

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12
Q

WHO

A

World Health Organization

-major regulatory agency at international level

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13
Q

CDC

A

Centers for Disease Control

-principal public health agency concerned w/ disease prevention and control at national level

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14
Q

Microorganisms vary by pathogenicity..

A
  1. true pathogen

2. opportunistic pathogen

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15
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to produce disease

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16
Q

pathogen

A

microorganisms that cause disease

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17
Q

true pathogen

A

causes disease in a healthy individual

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18
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

causes disease only in susceptible individuals

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19
Q

Microorganisms also vary by virulence..

A

severity of the diseases they produce and in their degree of communicability

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20
Q

Asepsis

A

absence of disease-causing microorganisms

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21
Q

Aseptic technique

A

decreases possibility of transferring microorganisms from one place to another

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22
Q

Two basic types of asepsis

A

medical
surgical

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23
Q

Medical Asepsis

A

decreases # of microorganisms
uses clean technique

Includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area

-limiting the number, growth, and transmission

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24
Q

“clean”

A

almost all microorganisms are absent

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25
Q

“dirty”

A

soiled, contaminated

-Microorganisms are likely to be present, some capable of causing infection

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26
Q

Surgical Asepsis

A

aka sterile technique

  • Refers to practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms
  • Includes practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores
  • special cleaning and packaging
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27
Q

Spores

A

Microscopic dormant structures formed by some pathogens that are very hardy often survive common cleaning techniques

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28
Q

Sepsis

A

whole body inflammatory process resulting in an acute illness

-also used generally to refer to state of infection

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29
Q

4 Major Types of Microorganisms/Infections

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

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30
Q

Bacteria

A

most common infection-causing microorganisms

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31
Q

Viruses

A

consists primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter living cells to reproduce

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32
Q

Fungi

A

yeasts and molds

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33
Q

Candida albicans

A

yeast considered normal flora in human vagina

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34
Q

Parasites

A

live on other organisms

-protozoa (malaria, worms, anthropods)

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35
Q

Anthropods

A

ticks, mites, fleas

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36
Q

colonization

A

process by which strains of microorganisms become resident flora

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37
Q

In the colonization, microorganisms…

A

grow and multiply but do not cause disease

38
Q

Infection occurs when…

A

newly introduced or resident microorganisms succeed in invading a part of a body where the host’s defense mechanisms are ineffective and pathogen causes tissue damage

39
Q

Infection becomes disease when…

A

When signs and symptoms of the infection are unique, can be differentiated from other conditions, and alter bodily function or processes

40
Q

Infections can be..

A

local or systemic

41
Q

Local infection

A

limited to a specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain

42
Q

Systemic infection

A

microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body

43
Q

bacteremia

A

condition when a culture of the individual blood reveals bacteria

44
Q

Septicemia

A

When the bacteremia results in systemic infection

-these have become more common recently

45
Q

Acute Infections

A

appears suddenly and last a short time

46
Q

Chronic infections

A

develop slowly over a long period of time and often persists for months and sometimes years

47
Q

Chain of Infection

A

Etiological agent or microorganism

Reservoir

Portal of exit from Reservoir

Transmission

Portal of entry to susceptible host

Susceptible host

48
Q

Etiological agent

A

aka microorganism

49
Q

Reservoir

A

sources of microorganisms

50
Q

common sources of microorganisms

A 
other humans
client's own microorganisms
plants
animals
general environment
51
Q

Carrier

A

human or animal reservoir of the microorganism that may or may not show signs/symptoms

52
Q

Portal of exit from reservoir

A

before infection can establish itself in a host, it must leave the reservoir

53
Q

Method of Transmission

A

after it leaves the reservoir, it requires transmission to reach another receptive portal of entry

54
Q

3 Modes of transmission

A

direct
indirect
airborne

55
Q

Homeostasis

A

aka regulation

-dynamic processes involved in the maintenance of body functioning

56
Q

direct transmission

A

involves immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from one person to another through touching, kissing, biting, or sex.

-droplet spread: sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing, or talking

57
Q

indirect transmission

A

vehicle or vector-borne

58
Q

vehicle-borne transmission

A

indirect

any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a host through portal of entry.

fomites, handkerchiefs, toys, spoiled clothes

59
Q

vector-borne transmission

A

animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as transport of infectious agent to host

60
Q

airborne transmission

A

involves droplets and dust

61
Q

droplet nuclei

A

residue of evaporated droplets emitted by an infected host, such as individual with tuberculosis, can remain in the air for a long period of time

62
Q

compromised host

A

person at increased risk and who is more likely to acquire an infection

-cancer patients, HIV patients

63
Q

Stages of Infectious Process

A

Incubation period
Prodromal Stage
Illness Stage
Convalescent Stage

64
Q

Incubation period

A
  • active replication
  • no symptoms
  • could be hours or years
65
Q

Prodromal Stage

A
  • symptoms begin

- usually general and nonspecific (fever, fatigue, headache)

66
Q

Illness Stage

A
  • max impact of infectious process
  • pathogen proliferates and disseminates rapidly
  • tachycardic and tachypneic
  • local manifestations
67
Q

Convalescent Stage

A
  • infection contained
  • pathogen eliminated
  • affected tissues repaired
  • manifestations resolve
  • total elimination of the pathogen from the body without residual manifestations
68
Q

carrier state

A

host defenses eliminate the infectious disease, but the organism continues to multiply on mucosal sites

69
Q

Isolation

A

measures designed to prevent the spread of infection or potentially infectious microorganisms to health personnel, clients, and visitors

70
Q

UP

A

universal precautions

  • techniques used with all clients to decrease risk of transmitting unidentifiable pathogens
  • obstruct the spread of bloodborne pathogens
71
Q

Category-specific isolation precautions

A

SEVEN CATEGORIES

  1. strict isolation
  2. contact isolation
  3. respiratory isolation
  4. TB isolation
  5. enteric precautions
  6. drainage/secretions precautions
  7. blood/body fluids precautions
72
Q

Disease-specific isolation precautions

A

provide precautions to protect against a specific disease

73
Q

Contact precautions

A

patients known to have or suspected of having serious illnesses that are easily transmitted by direct contact or contact with items in patients environment

74
Q

droplet precautions

A

serious illnesses that are easily transmitted by particle droplets larger than 5 microns.

75
Q

airborne precautions

A

serious illnesses that are easily transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei smaller then 5 microns

76
Q

compromised host precautions

A

patients that are compromised. Used to protect them from us.

77
Q

Handwashing

A

1 way to prevent the spread of infection

78
Q

When do you handwash

A 
beg and end of shift
before and after contact with patient
between contact with different patients
before invasive procedures
after removing gloves
before and after contact with wounds, dressing, specimens, and linens
before admin of meds
before and after blowing nose and using restroom
79
Q

Risk factors

A 
age
virulence & resistance
lowered body defenses
chronic diseases
medications
immunizations
modifiable risk factors
pregnancy
cultural beliefs
psycholsocial beliefs
80
Q

HAIs

A

Hospital Acquired Infections
aka Nosocomial Infections

  • Skin infections
  • UTI
  • pneumonia
  • C-Difficile
81
Q

Drug Resistance

A

Antibiotic resistance

  • MRSA
  • MDR-Pseudomonas
  • VRE
  • C-Diff
  • ESBL
  • MDR-Salmonella
82
Q

When is surgical asepsis used

A
  • OR
  • L&D
  • bedside
  • procedure w/ intentional skin perforation
  • skin integrity broken due to trauma, burns, incisions
  • insertion of cath or instruments onto sterile body cavities
83
Q

Sterile Technique

A

sterile instruments, gowns, field, gloves, etc

84
Q

Signs of localized infection

A 
fever in location
odor
heat
pain
pus
redness
swelling
85
Q

Modifiable risk factors

A
  • hygiene
  • nutrition
  • fluid
  • sleep
  • stress
86
Q

Signs of systemic infection

A 
aches
chills
fever
nausea
vomiting
weakness
87
Q

Diagnostic tests used for infections

A
  • WBC count
  • WBC differential
  • ESR
  • Cultures
  • CSF/lumbar puncture
  • Xray
  • Peak & Trough levels
88
Q

serological testing

A

provides an indirect means of identifying infecting agents by detecting antibodies to the suspected organism

89
Q

Peak and trough

A

monitor therapeutic blood levels of the prescribed medications.

The minimum and max blood levels at which drug is effective is monitored

90
Q

Newborns and older adults have…

A

reduced defenses against infection

91
Q

Infections are a major cause of death for?

A

newborns because they have immature immune systems and are protected only for the first 2 or 3 months by immunoglobulins passively received from the mother

92
Q

Infants begin to synthesize their own immunoglobulins…

A

between 1 and 3 months

Fundamentals Exam 1 (8 decks)

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