Mobility Flashcards
What is immobility?
An inability to reposition or move self.
General term used when referring to the muscles and the skeleton…
musculoskeletal
The musculoskeletal system is composed of…
Muscles, bones, joints, tendons, cartilage, and ligaments
What are the roles of muscles?
soft tissues that provide the motor power or force for movement
What do bones do?
hard connective tissues that create the rigid structure and shape of the human body.
What are tendons?
Nonflexible fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
What are ligaments?
Flexible fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.
Fluid-filled capsules that connect bones and enable movement are called?
Synovial joints
Functions of Skeletal Muscle?
Movement
Posture and positioning
Generate body heat
Functions of Skeletal System?
Support
Protect
Produce
Storage
Movement
What is the peripheral nervous system?
Nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord, which regulates the responses of the body to external stimuli.
Proprioception/kinesthesia
Feedback from sensory receptors to coordinate, balance, and fine-tune body positioning and movement.
What reduces friction between bones?
Cartilage
What Allows for flexibility and movement of bones ?
Synovial joints
What are body mechanics?
to maintain posture, alignment, and balance.
What is the positioning held by the various parts of the body while performing activities or during rest called?
Body alignment
What can increase the risk of muscle strain and injury?
Reaching, bending, and twisting motions
What is ergonomics?
Study of body mechanics in relation to the demand and design of the work environment and the equipment used.
Remodeling is the process of?
bone breakdown and replacement that occurs throughout a lifespan.
Disuse osteoporosis occurs when
bones have become thinner and weaker as a result of prolonged bed rest.
Fragility fractures occur when
following stress on a bone that would not typically result in a break.
When muscles are not used, they __________.
Atrophy
Sarcopenia refers to the …
loss of lean muscle mass.
abnormal fixations of the joints that occur as a result of changes to muscles and connective tissue are called?
Joint contractures
a type of joint contracture that results in a partial or total inability to pull the toes up toward the head (dorsiflexion) is called?
Foot drop
What is cardiac deconditioning?
Atrophy of the heart muscle that results in a decreased amount of blood being ejected from the heart during contraction.
What is Orthostatic hypotension?
decrease in blood pressure and a sensation of dizziness that occurs when a client sits or stands up. Leads to falls
__________ ____ ___________ occurs when a thrombus or blood clot develops in one or more of the deep veins, typically in the arms, pelvis, thighs, or lower legs.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
What is a pulmonary embolism?
when part of the thrombus breaks off and travels into the lungs via the bloodstream. Alternatively, the clot could travel to the brain, resulting in a stroke (cerebrovascular accident), or the heart, causing a heart attack (myocardial infarction).
Cerebrovascular accident is?
Death of brain cells due to a blood clot or the rupture of a blood level within the brain.
What is a myocardial infarction ?
A condition in which arterial blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked resulting in death of cardiac muscle cells.
Atelectasis occurs as a result of…
Shallow breathing
Atelectasis is the
Collapse of airways and small sections of the lung as a result of shallow breathing. The collapsing of the lung during expansion.
Pneumonia is
an infection that often occurs in clients with limited mobility as a result of shallow breathing, thickened mucus, and decreased ability to cough. As the thick secretions collect in the lower airways, the client experiences a reduced ability to remove pathogens and irritants from the lungs, which can result in an infection.
Malnutrition is an
Imbalance in a client’s intake that can include deficiencies or excesses in nutrients, vitamins, or calories.
As muscle activity slows, the absorption of protein from the gastrointestinal tract decreases, leading to a lower level of protein in the blood is called
Malnutrition
Prolonged transit time in the intestinal tract increases the absorption of water from the feces and results in a drier, harder stool leads to
Constipation
Constipation occurs when
the client has infrequent bowel movements where the stool is hard, lumpy, and difficult to pass.
What is fecal impaction?
A hardened mass of stool that creates a blockage in the intestines.
What is gastroesophageal reflux
A backflow of gastric fluids into the esophagus due to pressure on the esophageal sphincter that can result in irritation of the tissue.
A condition in which the bladder does not completely empty with urination is
Urinary retention
What are renal calculi?
Stones that develop in the kidney and usually related to dehydration or an increase of stone-forming substances.
Damage with skin intact characteristics
Persistent redness or discoloration
Temperature difference compared to the surrounding skin
Firmness in the area
Damage into the skin layer can appear as
An area of skin that is lighter in color than the usual skin tone
Open or intact blister
Shallow wound with a pink or red bed
Damage beyond the skin layer looks like an
Open wound, possibly with adipose tissue or granulation tissue visible
Deep damage through the skin and tissue layer looks like a
Deep wound with exposed muscle, ligaments, or bone, and dead tissue
Self concept is
The beliefs one holds regarding themselves formed through experiences.
What is gait?
Manner or style of ambulation.
What is a splint?
Rigid or semirigid device designed to support or stretch an injured or altered part of the body.
Inadequate amount of physical or psychological energy to undergo or complete a necessary activity is called
Activity intolerance
_________ of __________ _________ are basic essential skills that a person does independently every day and that are usually related to personal care
Activities of daily living
What are examples of ADLs
dressing, bathing, toileting, and feeding oneself.
What is kyphosis?
Excessive outward curvature of the upper area of the spine.
What is a mobility assessment ?
An objective assessment to determine the amount of assistance required for ambulation and transfers based upon the client’s ability to move.
The following items should be included in a mobility assessment:
Normal mobility status
Ability to sit
Ability to stand
Ability to walk
Use or need for assistance
Degree of mobility and immobility
Condition of the skin
Presence of any manifestations during activity
Maximum Assist (1)
-Client extends arm and reaches across midline to shake hands with nurse
-Client unable to perform both activities
-Mechanical lift, Slide boards
-2 or more personnel
Moderate Assist (2)
-Client extends one leg out, flexes ankle and points toes; repeat with other leg
-Client unable to perform all activities
-Mechanical sit-to-stand lifts
Ambulation assistive devices
-2 or more personnel
Minimal assist (3)
-Client can maintain standing position for at least 5 seconds
-Client unable to perform all activities
-
What are gross motor skills?
performing whole body movements.
Age related changes to posture, reason, and effects on mobility?
Increased thoracic spinal curvature with head protrusion
Increased flexion in knees and hips
Reason-Bone loss
Degeneration of vertebral discs
Effect on mobility-Forward leaning or stooped posture
Unsteady ambulation
Age related changes on reflexes? Reason? Effect on mobility?
Poor balance
Reason-Dysfunction of nervous system
Effect on mobility -Unsteadiness and decreased ability to right oneself
Age related changes of joint mobility?
Slow movement
Joint stiffness
Ankle and foot weakness
Reason-Changes to the brain and peripheral nervous system
Loss of cartilage in joints
Changes in bones in joint areas
Effect-Slower steps of varied length with a wider stance
Age related changes to muscle mass?
Less endurance
Decreased strength
Reason-Loss of muscle mass
Effect on mobility-Increased fatigue with ambulation
Age related vision changes?
Lower vision acuity
Reduced depth perception
Reason-Reduced tone of eye muscles
Thickening of natural lens in the eye
Effect on mobility-Slower, hesitant ambulation
Increased risk of tripping and falling
What is dangling?
The act of having a client sit on the edge of the bed before moving to a standing position.
What are Assistive Devices for Ambulation?
Gait belt, cane, walker, crutches
What is a gait belt?
a wide, strong belt that allows the caregiver to assist the client with stability.
What is a cane?
Canes increase stability and improve gait mechanics. They can be single-point or four-point models; the latter are often referred to as quad canes
When the client is gripping the cane, the elbow should be bent at approximately a…
15-30 degree angle
the client should be instructed to sit for a few minutes on the side of the bed prior to standing—a position termed …
Dangling
When the client grips the walker, the elbows should be bent at approximately a …
15 degree angle
Prone
Lying on abdomen with the head turned to one side; hips are unflexed
Supine or dorsal recumbent
Lying flat on the back, possibly with knees bent
Lateral
Side-lying; the hips and knees are flexed with a pillow separating the knees/legs
Fowler
Semi-seated or reclined position with the head of the bed elevated 45 degrees; knees may be flexed
Semi-Fowler
Head of the bed is elevated 15 to 30 degrees
High-Fowler
Head of the bead is elevated 60 to 90 degrees
Lateral semi-prone recumbent
Placed between the prone and lateral positions, with the top leg flexed up toward the chest and supported with a pillow; the bottom arm is placed to the side of the torso, not underneath
Trendelenburg
Placed between the prone and lateral positions, with the top leg flexed up toward the chest and supported with a pillow; the bottom arm is placed to the side of the torso, not underneath
Trendelenburg
Lying flat on the back, with the foot of the bed above the head of the bed
Reverse Trendelenburg
The foot of the bed is lower than the head of the bed
Maximum assistance
The client cannot bear weight, assist, or maintain a seated position. Use a total mechanical lift or sling
Moderate assistance
The client can maintain a seated position and has some upper extremity strength but lacks enough lower extremity strength to transfer safely. Use sit-to-stand powered lifts and assistive devices.
The client can rise from a seated position and sustain a steady stand. Use a gait belt and ambulation assistive devices as indicated.
Minimum assistance
The client can stand, march or step in place, and walk without any help.
No assistance
Slide board
allows the lateral transfer of a client without imposing the physical exertion of lifting on the staff member
This tool is used for clients who can stand but have difficulty moving their feet
Pivot disk
can be used to assist the client in rising from a seated to a standing position
Sit to stand lift
is required for clients who are unable to support their own weight. These devices are used to lift and move a client from one place to another, such as from the bed to the chair.
Mechanical lift
Range of motion (rom)
The manipulation of a joint within its range of flexion and extension.
Passive range of motion
The manipulation of a joint within its range of flexion and extension by someone else.
Active range of motion
The manipulation of a joint within its range of flexion and extension.
Flexion
Flexion
bend; reduce the angle between the bones
Extension
Straighten the limb
Abduction
Move away from the baseline
Adduction
Bring closer to the baseline
Pronation
Turning to face backward
Supination
Turning to face forward
Circumduction
Circular motion
Rotation
Side to side
Inversion
Turn inward
Eversion
Turn outward
all adults should engage in moderate-intensity aerobic activities for at least…
150 min per week (30 min per day, 5 days per week)
