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Fundamentals of Nursing > Mobility > Flashcards

Mobility Flashcards

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1
Q

What is immobility?

A

An inability to reposition or move self.

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2
Q

General term used when referring to the muscles and the skeleton…

A

musculoskeletal

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3
Q

The musculoskeletal system is composed of…

A

Muscles, bones, joints, tendons, cartilage, and ligaments

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4
Q

What are the roles of muscles?

A

soft tissues that provide the motor power or force for movement

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5
Q

What do bones do?

A

hard connective tissues that create the rigid structure and shape of the human body.

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6
Q

What are tendons?

A

Nonflexible fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

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7
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Flexible fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

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8
Q

Fluid-filled capsules that connect bones and enable movement are called?

A

Synovial joints

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9
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscle?

A

Movement
Posture and positioning
Generate body heat

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10
Q

Functions of Skeletal System?

A

Support
Protect
Produce
Storage
Movement

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11
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord, which regulates the responses of the body to external stimuli.

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12
Q

Proprioception/kinesthesia

A

Feedback from sensory receptors to coordinate, balance, and fine-tune body positioning and movement.

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13
Q

What reduces friction between bones?

A

Cartilage

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14
Q

What Allows for flexibility and movement of bones ?

A

Synovial joints

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15
Q

What are body mechanics?

A

to maintain posture, alignment, and balance.

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16
Q

What is the positioning held by the various parts of the body while performing activities or during rest called?

A

Body alignment

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17
Q

What can increase the risk of muscle strain and injury?

A

Reaching, bending, and twisting motions

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18
Q

What is ergonomics?

A

Study of body mechanics in relation to the demand and design of the work environment and the equipment used.

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19
Q

Remodeling is the process of?

A

bone breakdown and replacement that occurs throughout a lifespan.

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20
Q

Disuse osteoporosis occurs when

A

bones have become thinner and weaker as a result of prolonged bed rest.

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21
Q

Fragility fractures occur when

A

following stress on a bone that would not typically result in a break.

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22
Q

When muscles are not used, they __________.

A

Atrophy

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23
Q

Sarcopenia refers to the …

A

loss of lean muscle mass.

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24
Q

abnormal fixations of the joints that occur as a result of changes to muscles and connective tissue are called?

A

Joint contractures

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25
Q

a type of joint contracture that results in a partial or total inability to pull the toes up toward the head (dorsiflexion) is called?

A

Foot drop

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26
Q

What is cardiac deconditioning?

A

Atrophy of the heart muscle that results in a decreased amount of blood being ejected from the heart during contraction.

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27
Q

What is Orthostatic hypotension?

A

decrease in blood pressure and a sensation of dizziness that occurs when a client sits or stands up. Leads to falls

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28
Q

__________ ____ ___________ occurs when a thrombus or blood clot develops in one or more of the deep veins, typically in the arms, pelvis, thighs, or lower legs.

A

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

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29
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

when part of the thrombus breaks off and travels into the lungs via the bloodstream. Alternatively, the clot could travel to the brain, resulting in a stroke (cerebrovascular accident), or the heart, causing a heart attack (myocardial infarction).

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30
Q

Cerebrovascular accident is?

A

Death of brain cells due to a blood clot or the rupture of a blood level within the brain.

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31
Q

What is a myocardial infarction ?

A

A condition in which arterial blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked resulting in death of cardiac muscle cells.

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32
Q

Atelectasis occurs as a result of…

A

Shallow breathing

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33
Q

Atelectasis is the

A

Collapse of airways and small sections of the lung as a result of shallow breathing. The collapsing of the lung during expansion.

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34
Q

Pneumonia is

A

an infection that often occurs in clients with limited mobility as a result of shallow breathing, thickened mucus, and decreased ability to cough. As the thick secretions collect in the lower airways, the client experiences a reduced ability to remove pathogens and irritants from the lungs, which can result in an infection.

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35
Q

Malnutrition is an

A

Imbalance in a client’s intake that can include deficiencies or excesses in nutrients, vitamins, or calories.

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36
Q

As muscle activity slows, the absorption of protein from the gastrointestinal tract decreases, leading to a lower level of protein in the blood is called

A

Malnutrition

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37
Q

Prolonged transit time in the intestinal tract increases the absorption of water from the feces and results in a drier, harder stool leads to

A

Constipation

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38
Q

Constipation occurs when

A

the client has infrequent bowel movements where the stool is hard, lumpy, and difficult to pass.

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39
Q

What is fecal impaction?

A

A hardened mass of stool that creates a blockage in the intestines.

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40
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux

A

A backflow of gastric fluids into the esophagus due to pressure on the esophageal sphincter that can result in irritation of the tissue.

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41
Q

A condition in which the bladder does not completely empty with urination is

A

Urinary retention

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42
Q

What are renal calculi?

A

Stones that develop in the kidney and usually related to dehydration or an increase of stone-forming substances.

43
Q

Damage with skin intact characteristics

A

Persistent redness or discoloration

Temperature difference compared to the surrounding skin

Firmness in the area

44
Q

Damage into the skin layer can appear as

A

An area of skin that is lighter in color than the usual skin tone

Open or intact blister

Shallow wound with a pink or red bed

45
Q

Damage beyond the skin layer looks like an

A

Open wound, possibly with adipose tissue or granulation tissue visible

46
Q

Deep damage through the skin and tissue layer looks like a

A

Deep wound with exposed muscle, ligaments, or bone, and dead tissue

47
Q

Self concept is

A

The beliefs one holds regarding themselves formed through experiences.

48
Q

What is gait?

A

Manner or style of ambulation.

49
Q

What is a splint?

A

Rigid or semirigid device designed to support or stretch an injured or altered part of the body.

50
Q

Inadequate amount of physical or psychological energy to undergo or complete a necessary activity is called

A

Activity intolerance

51
Q

_________ of __________ _________ are basic essential skills that a person does independently every day and that are usually related to personal care

A

Activities of daily living

52
Q

What are examples of ADLs

A

dressing, bathing, toileting, and feeding oneself.

53
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Excessive outward curvature of the upper area of the spine.

54
Q

What is a mobility assessment ?

A

An objective assessment to determine the amount of assistance required for ambulation and transfers based upon the client’s ability to move.

55
Q

The following items should be included in a mobility assessment:

A

Normal mobility status
Ability to sit
Ability to stand
Ability to walk
Use or need for assistance
Degree of mobility and immobility
Condition of the skin
Presence of any manifestations during activity

56
Q

Maximum Assist (1)

A

-Client extends arm and reaches across midline to shake hands with nurse
-Client unable to perform both activities
-Mechanical lift, Slide boards
-2 or more personnel

57
Q

Moderate Assist (2)

A

-Client extends one leg out, flexes ankle and points toes; repeat with other leg
-Client unable to perform all activities
-Mechanical sit-to-stand lifts
Ambulation assistive devices
-2 or more personnel

58
Q

Minimal assist (3)

A

-Client can maintain standing position for at least 5 seconds
-Client unable to perform all activities
-

59
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

performing whole body movements.

60
Q

Age related changes to posture, reason, and effects on mobility?

A

Increased thoracic spinal curvature with head protrusion
Increased flexion in knees and hips

Reason-Bone loss
Degeneration of vertebral discs

Effect on mobility-Forward leaning or stooped posture
Unsteady ambulation

61
Q

Age related changes on reflexes? Reason? Effect on mobility?

A

Poor balance
Reason-Dysfunction of nervous system
Effect on mobility -Unsteadiness and decreased ability to right oneself

62
Q

Age related changes of joint mobility?

A

Slow movement
Joint stiffness
Ankle and foot weakness
Reason-Changes to the brain and peripheral nervous system
Loss of cartilage in joints
Changes in bones in joint areas
Effect-Slower steps of varied length with a wider stance

63
Q

Age related changes to muscle mass?

A

Less endurance
Decreased strength
Reason-Loss of muscle mass
Effect on mobility-Increased fatigue with ambulation

64
Q

Age related vision changes?

A

Lower vision acuity
Reduced depth perception
Reason-Reduced tone of eye muscles
Thickening of natural lens in the eye
Effect on mobility-Slower, hesitant ambulation
Increased risk of tripping and falling

65
Q

What is dangling?

A

The act of having a client sit on the edge of the bed before moving to a standing position.

66
Q

What are Assistive Devices for Ambulation?

A

Gait belt, cane, walker, crutches

67
Q

What is a gait belt?

A

a wide, strong belt that allows the caregiver to assist the client with stability.

68
Q

What is a cane?

A

Canes increase stability and improve gait mechanics. They can be single-point or four-point models; the latter are often referred to as quad canes

69
Q

When the client is gripping the cane, the elbow should be bent at approximately a…

A

15-30 degree angle

70
Q

the client should be instructed to sit for a few minutes on the side of the bed prior to standing—a position termed …

A

Dangling

71
Q

When the client grips the walker, the elbows should be bent at approximately a …

A

15 degree angle

72
Q

Prone

A

Lying on abdomen with the head turned to one side; hips are unflexed

73
Q

Supine or dorsal recumbent

A

Lying flat on the back, possibly with knees bent

74
Q

Lateral

A

Side-lying; the hips and knees are flexed with a pillow separating the knees/legs

75
Q

Fowler

A

Semi-seated or reclined position with the head of the bed elevated 45 degrees; knees may be flexed

76
Q

Semi-Fowler

A

Head of the bed is elevated 15 to 30 degrees

77
Q

High-Fowler

A

Head of the bead is elevated 60 to 90 degrees

78
Q

Lateral semi-prone recumbent

A

Placed between the prone and lateral positions, with the top leg flexed up toward the chest and supported with a pillow; the bottom arm is placed to the side of the torso, not underneath

79
Q

Trendelenburg

A

Placed between the prone and lateral positions, with the top leg flexed up toward the chest and supported with a pillow; the bottom arm is placed to the side of the torso, not underneath

80
Q

Trendelenburg

A

Lying flat on the back, with the foot of the bed above the head of the bed

81
Q

Reverse Trendelenburg

A

The foot of the bed is lower than the head of the bed

82
Q

Maximum assistance

A

The client cannot bear weight, assist, or maintain a seated position. Use a total mechanical lift or sling

83
Q

Moderate assistance

A

The client can maintain a seated position and has some upper extremity strength but lacks enough lower extremity strength to transfer safely. Use sit-to-stand powered lifts and assistive devices.

84
Q

The client can rise from a seated position and sustain a steady stand. Use a gait belt and ambulation assistive devices as indicated.

A

Minimum assistance

85
Q

The client can stand, march or step in place, and walk without any help.

A

No assistance

86
Q

Slide board

A

allows the lateral transfer of a client without imposing the physical exertion of lifting on the staff member

87
Q

This tool is used for clients who can stand but have difficulty moving their feet

A

Pivot disk

88
Q

can be used to assist the client in rising from a seated to a standing position

A

Sit to stand lift

89
Q

is required for clients who are unable to support their own weight. These devices are used to lift and move a client from one place to another, such as from the bed to the chair.

A

Mechanical lift

90
Q

Range of motion (rom)

A

The manipulation of a joint within its range of flexion and extension.

91
Q

Passive range of motion

A

The manipulation of a joint within its range of flexion and extension by someone else.

92
Q

Active range of motion

A

The manipulation of a joint within its range of flexion and extension.

93
Q

Flexion

A
94
Q

Flexion

A

bend; reduce the angle between the bones

95
Q

Extension

A

Straighten the limb

96
Q

Abduction

A

Move away from the baseline

97
Q

Adduction

A

Bring closer to the baseline

98
Q

Pronation

A

Turning to face backward

99
Q

Supination

A

Turning to face forward

100
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular motion

101
Q

Rotation

A

Side to side

102
Q

Inversion

A

Turn inward

103
Q

Eversion

A

Turn outward

104
Q

all adults should engage in moderate-intensity aerobic activities for at least…

A

150 min per week (30 min per day, 5 days per week)

Fundamentals of Nursing (7 decks)

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