MNT Chapter 22 - Weight Management - Sheet1

Question 1

Activity Thermogenesis (AT)

Answer 1

Energy expended in voluntary activity

Question 2

Adipocyte

Answer 2

Mature fat cell

Question 3

Adipocytokines

Answer 3

Proteins released by the adipose cell into the blood stream that acts as a signaling molecule when normal body composition is disturbed

Question 4

Adiponectin

Answer 4

Helps body respond better to insulin by boosting metabolism

Question 5

Adiposity Rebound

Answer 5

Period of increase in BMI after approx. 6 years old

Question 6

Android Fat Distribution

Answer 6

Distribution of excess fat in the abdomen

Question 7

Bariatric Surgery

Answer 7

Treatment acceptable for morbid obesity OR BMI>35 w/comorbodities

Question 8

BMI

Answer 8

kg/m^2 (>25=overweight, >30=obese)

Question 9

Brown Adipose Tissue

Answer 9

Available to infants ,rapid energy source, found primarily in the subscapular and scapular areas & is 5% of their body weight

Question 10

Catecholaminergic

Answer 10

Drugs that act on the brain to increase norepinephrine (typically high potential for abuse, so not recommended)

Question 11

Comorbidities

Answer 11

Simultaneous presence of 2 chronic diseases/conditions in a patient

Question 12

Essential Fat

Answer 12

Fat necessary for normal physiological functioning

Question 13

Fat Mass

Answer 13

Mass from ALL body sources

Question 14

Fat-Free Mass (FFM)

Answer 14

Water, protein, and mineral contents in the body

Question 15

Gastric Banding

Answer 15

Band is used to reduce size of stomach pouch

Question 16

Gastric Bypass

Answer 16

Reducing size of the stomach pouch via staples, but connecting a small opening in the upper portion of the stomach to the small intestine by means of an intestinal loop

Question 17

Gastroplasty

Answer 17

Reduces size of the stomach by applying stainless steel staples to create a small gastric pouch, leving only a small opening into the stomach.

Question 18

Ghrelin

Answer 18

hunger hormone that tells the brain when stomach is empty (causes drop in metabolism)

Question 19

Gynoid Fat Distribution

Answer 19

Distribution of excess fat in the thighs and buttocks

Question 20

Hormone Sensitive Lipase

Answer 20

HSL enzymes hydrolyze TGs into fatty acids and glycerol to be released into circulation

Question 21

Hyperphagia

Answer 21

Over-eating

Question 22

Hyperplasia

Answer 22

Increased number of cells

Question 23

Hypertrophy

Answer 23

Increased cell size

Question 24

Hypophagia

Answer 24

Under-eating

Question 25

Incretin

Answer 25

GI peptides that increase the amnt of insulin released from pancreas after eating, slows rate of absorption/gastric emptying rate, & may reduce food intake

Question 26

Insulin

Answer 26

Controls the amount of glucose in the blood by moving it into cells for energy

Question 27

Lean Body Mass

Answer 27

aka Muscle mass. Higher than men than women, increases with exercise, and lower in older adults

Question 28

Leptin

Answer 28

Contributes to long-term fullness as it senses body’s overall energy stores (made by fat cells)

Question 29

Lifestyle Modification

Answer 29

Becoming aware of eating behaviors and managing them more effectively

Question 30

Lipogenesis

Answer 30

Process of making more fats (in the liver)

Question 31

Lipoprotein Lipase

Answer 31

LPL is an enzyme that moves lipid from the blood to the adipose cell where it hydrolyzes TGs into FFAs and glycerol.

Question 32

Liposuction

Answer 32

Aspiration of fat deposits (typically 5# at a time)

Question 33

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)

Answer 33

Have 3+ of the following: waist circumference > 102cm(m)/88cm(w), Serum TGs>150mg/dL, HDL level 135/85mmHg, or fasting glucose>100mg/dL

Question 34

Morbid Obesity

Answer 34

BMI is 40+ (surgical intervention may be required)

Question 35

Night-Eating Syndrome

Answer 35

Altered cortisol levels and altered circadian rhythm causing hunger at midnight (cortisol is high in early morning and low at midnight typically)

Question 36

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Answer 36

Can lead to end stage liver disease, associated with obesity

Question 37

Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)

Answer 37

Energy expended for everything that is NOT sleeping, eating, or sports exercise. (ex: yard work, fidgeting, typing, etc.)

Question 38

Obesity

Answer 38

Excessive fatness (generally or locally)

Question 39

Obesogen

Answer 39

Chemical compounds foreign to the body that act to disrupt the normal metabolism of lipids, ultimately resulting in obesity

Question 40

Orlistat

Answer 40

Inhibits gastrointestinal lipase (reduces amount of fat absorbed from food)

Question 41

Overweight

Answer 41

State in which the weight exceeds a standard based on height

Question 42

Sensory-specific satiety

Answer 42

The more a food is consumed, the less desirable it becomes

Question 43

Sibutramine

Answer 43

Combo if catecholaminergic & seritoninergic agents, inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine to increase satiety, reduce hunger, & lessen metabolic rate

Question 44

Storage Fat

Answer 44

Saved energy, primarily as triglycerides in adipose tissue

Question 45

Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)

Answer 45

Accumulate in adipose tissue from exposure to chemicals/toxins/pesticides

Question 46

Underweight

Answer 46

15-20% below accepted weight standards

Question 47

Vagus nerve

Answer 47

The nerve which allows the stomach and brain to communicate

Question 48

VLCD

Answer 48

Very low calorie diet (200-800 kcal)

Question 49

Visceral Adipose Tissue

Answer 49

Located under peritoneum, w/in abdominal cavity, has positive correlation with MetS due to insulin resistance

Question 50

White adipose tissue

Answer 50

Stores energy as TGs, serves as a cushion to protect abdominal organs, and insulates the body to preserve heat

Question 51

Yo-Yo Effect

Answer 51

Cycles of weight loss and weight gain in adults (for both overweight and nonoverweight individuals)