Mnemonics primary Flashcards
What are the theories of autoregulation?
Metabolic, Myogenic, Autonomic, Endothelial, Hormonal
Metabolic includes K+/H+/lactate; Autonomic involves alpha-1 and beta-2 receptors.
What are the types of receptors?
Ligand gated, G-protein coupled, Tyrosine Kinase, Intracellular
Examples include nAChR for ligand gated and insulin for Tyrosine Kinase.
What factors influence drug absorption?
Concentration gradient, Lipid solubility, Ionisation, pKa, Protein binding, Route of administration, Molecular weight
Acronym: CLIPPR-M.
What is the effect of pH on drug transfer across the placenta?
Basic drugs cross into acid foetus
Maternal/foetal blood pH difference influences drug transfer.
What are the causes of hypoxia?
Hypoxic, Anaemic, Stagnant, Histotoxic
Acronym: HASH.
What is the synthesis pathway of catecholamines?
Phenylalanine, L-Tyrosine, L-Dopa, Dopamine, Noradrenaline, Adrenaline
Acronym: Paternity: Long live DNA.
What are the primary functions of the liver?
Biotransformation, Synthetic, Capacitance, Storage, Metabolic, Immunological, Digestive
Acronym: BSC SMID.
What inputs affect the vomiting center?
CTZ, Higher cortical centres, Intestinal tract, Limbic system, Labyrinth, Baroreceptors, Peripheral pain pathways
Acronym: CHILL BARF PREP.
What roles does the endothelium perform?
Vasomotor tone, Secretion, Coagulation, Osmosis, Filtration, Barrier, Inflammation, Diffusion
Acronym: V SCOF BID.
What are the types of endothelium?
Flat, Cuboidal, Columnar
Types are based on morphology and function.
What methods are used to measure FRC?
Helium Dilution, Nitrogen Washout, Body plethysmography
Acronym: H N B - Hot Naked Bodies!
What decreases pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?
Prostacyclin, Isoprenaline, Acetylcholine, Nitric acid, Oxygen
Acronym: PIANO.
What increases pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?
Anatomical dead space, Physiological dead space
Acronym: AFPB - Always found physics boring.
What shifts the O2 dissociation curve to the left?
Decrease H+, Decrease CO2, Decrease 2,3 DPG, Decrease temp
Left shift indicates increased affinity for O2.
What shifts the O2 dissociation curve to the right?
Increase H+, Increase CO2, Increase 2,3 DPG, Increase temp
Right shift indicates decreased affinity for O2.
What is the permeability of the Loop of Henle?
Descending permeable to water, Ascending impermeable to water
Descending allows water reabsorption; ascending does not.
What are the components of the JVP waveform?
Atrial contraction, Tricuspid valve bulging, Relaxation, Filling with a closed valve
Describes phases of right atrial pressure.
What causes decreased TLCO?
Pneumonectomy, Anaemia, COPD, Interstitial lung disease, Vasculitis, Extrathoracic restriction
Acronym: PACIVE.
What is the formula for clearance?
Clearance = k x Vd
K represents the rate constant for elimination.
What is the extraction ratio formula?
Clearance = Q x ER
Q represents blood flow.
What are mechanisms of drug action?
Receptors, Enzymes, Neurotransmitters, Transport systems, Hormones, Ion channels, Physiochemical
Acronym: RENT-HIP.
What oral hypoglycaemics increase insulin sensitivity?
Biguanides, Thiazolidinediones
Examples include Metformin and Pioglitazone.
What oral hypoglycaemics increase insulin secretion?
Sulphonylureas, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, Meglitinides, Incretin mimics, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Acronym: Big Tall Sugar Daddy Mega Increased Adiposity.
What drugs are associated with zero-order kinetics?
Phenytoin, Ethanol, Salicylates, Thiopental, Theophylline
Acronym: PESTT.
What are enzyme inducers?
Griseofulvin, Alcohol (chronic), Phenytoin, Primidone, Rifampicin, Inhalation agents, Carbamazepine
Acronym: GAP PRICE.
What are enzyme inhibitors?
Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin, Fluconazole, Erythromycin, Ethanol (acute), Dextropropoxyphene, Cimetidine, Amiodarone, Ketoconazole, Etomidate
Acronym: MC FEED CAKE.
What are the effects of dopamine at low and high doses?
Beta effects at low dose, Alpha effects at high dose
Dopamine acts differently based on dosage.
What drugs cause peripheral neuropathy?
Metronidazole, Amiodarone, Nitrofurantoin, Isoniazid, Cisplatin, Phenytoin, Vincristine/Vinblastine, Ciprofloxacin
Acronym: MANIC, PVC.
What drugs induce lupus?
Carbamazepine, Hydralazine, Isoniazid, Methyldopa, Procainamide, Sulphonamides, Phenytoin
Acronym: CHIMPS, P.
What drugs can cause hepatitis?
Valproate, Amiodarone, Methyldopa, Pyrazinamide, Isoniazid, Rifampicin, PhenYtoin, Simvastatin
Acronym: VAMPIRES.
What is the gas law equation?
PV = nRT
Describes the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature.
What are the main causes of perioperative hypothermia?
Radiation, Convection, Evaporation, Respiration, Conduction
Percentages: 40%, 30%, 20%, 8%, 2% respectively.
What is the equation for capacitance?
C = Q/V
C represents capacitance, Q is charge, and V is voltage.
What acronym helps assess difficult intubation?
LEMON
Stands for Look externally, Evaluate (3:3:2), Mallampati, Obstruction/obesity, Neck mobility.
What factors contribute to difficult bag-mask ventilation?
Obese, Bearded, Elderly >55, Snorers, Edentulous
Acronym: OBESE.
What factors contribute to difficult LMA insertion?
Restricted mouth opening, Obstruction, Distorted anatomy, Stiff lungs and c-Spine
Acronym: RODS.
What does the acronym DOPES stand for?
Displacement of tracheal tube, Obstruction of artificial airway, Pneumothorax, Equipment failure, Stomach distension
Refers to complications after tracheal intubation.
What are the components of pediatric emergency management?
Weight, Energy, Tracheal size, Fluids, Lorazepam, Atropine, Adrenaline, Glucose
Acronym: WET FLAG.
What should be monitored daily in ICU patients?
Feed/fluids, Lines/devices, Abx/apperients/analgesia, Thromboprophylaxis, Communication, Hydration/head up, Ulcer prophylaxis, Glucose control
Acronym: FLAT C HUG.
What types of sickle cell crisis are there?
Vaso-occlusive, Aplastic, Sequestration, Haemolytic
Acronym: VASH.
What are the cholinergic side effects?
Diaphoretic/diarrhoea, Urination, Meiosis/muscle weakness, Bradycardia, Bronchospasm, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation
Acronym: DUMBBELS.
What nerves are involved in the scalp block?
Greater auricular, Greater occipital, Lesser occipital, Supraorbital, Supratrochlear, Auricotemporal, Zygomaticotemporal
Acronym: GGL SSAZ.
